Those Winter Sundays Essay -- Literary Analysis, Robert Hayden

Distance is a problem in many homes whether it be through activated distance or physical Distance or it may just be that the word love is not spoken enough, in both Robert Haydens poem Those Winter Sundays and Rita Doves Daystar is a removed(p) parent are they selfish or mean or is the love they do show just not understood? In Robert Haydens poem Those Winter Sundays show that children have a hard time understanding why a parent is distant the speaker says Sundays too my father got up early and put his clothes on/ in the blueblack cold,(Line 1-2) the father even gets up very early on Sundays as in the blueblack cold the speaker seems to not understand why the father does this why does he get up so early day after day? He seems to ask himself. The speaker observes that With cracked hands the ached from labor in the weekday weather/ banked fires blazed(Line 3-5) the father plant life hard for his family his hands are cracked and sore and he still gets up earlier then the rest o f his family and makes the fire blaze to warm the reside for them. Distant parents even if they mean well and try to convey their love to their families through actions or deeds as the speaker states No one perpetually thanked him the father not seen as loving to the child. (Line 5) The speaker says I will rise and dress, worshiping the chronic angers of that house, at that place is usually a lot of tension and fear in a house hold with bad communication skills, the mother and father may fight or argue often or the distant parent if not both of them may be angry that the child does not understand their love and compassion The children grow to be uncaring and insensitive to the actions that the parents do for the family as the speake... ...e that was hers for an hour(Line 16-20) when they are making love she day dreams of her time with her self and the only thing she has is her thoughts she has no desire to love her economise as the speaker explains she thinks of the place where she is nothing, pure nothing, in the middle of the day.(Line 20-22) In Robert Haydens poem Those Winter Sundays there is a father who loves his cild and does kind things for his family he works hard getting up early everyday and No one ever thanked him (Hayden Line 5) and in Rita Doves Daystar there is the mother who is deeply depressed and is not happy with the life she has she is unhappy was being a mother and goes through the motions of everyday life because she has to as a mother. Children never benefit from distance in the home they rarely understand it and they never feel loved.

Leiningen Versus The Ants Essay -- English Literature Essays

Leiningen Versus The AntsWould you risk your own life and the lives of another 400 people just so you might have a chance at saving a coffee grove? Well thats what Leiningen did in the short story Leiningen Versus the Ants. And by doing so he has proved himself to be an all over confident, persuasive, and sexist man. And is not a person to be admired. In this story Leiningen has shown himself as an extremely over confident person. From the time he was aware of the impending danger of the ants, to when he was almost willing to give it all up he still believed that he could conquer them. This is show on the very first page of the story where Leiningen says Decent of you, paddling all this way just to give me the tip. But youre draw my leg of course when you say I must do a bunk. Why, even a herd of saurians couldnt drive me from this plantation of mine. A minute sign of his over confidence is when he says And dont think Im the kind of fathead who tries to fend lightning off with my fists, either. I go for my intelligence, old man. With me, the brain isnt a second blind gut I know what its there for. When I began this model farm and plantation three years ago, I took into account all that could conceivably happen to it. And now Im ready for anything and everything---including your ants. These two statements show him as opinion he has planned for the worst and knows all that lies ahead of him but in truth, he knows the least of what will actually happen...

opium war Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Opium War was a war fought by two countries Great Britain and china in 1839. The war was fought over the drug opium which was used by the Chinese for hundreds of year to relieve pain. opium is a habit forming narcotic made from the poppy plant. In the late 1700s the British was smuggling the drug into China for non-medical use. The navies of the two countries mostly fought the battles of the opium war at sea. Within three years the Chineses old ships were alone no matches for the brand new British ships. In 1843 the Chinese and the British signed the treaty of Nanjing. This treaty gave the British the island of Hong Kong. In 1844 the United States of America and early(a) countries gained extraterritorial rights. Which this allowed other countries to trade in china and not live b...

Balance Between Sense and Sensibility in Jane Austens Northanger Abbey

Balance Between Sense and Sensibility in Jane Austens Northanger AbbeyThroughout her novel, Northanger Abbey, Jane Austen integrates spoof with characterization to emphasize the necessity of a balance amongst sense and sensibility while reflecting a theme of the initiation of a young woman into the complexities of adult social life. This novel can be traced keep going as one of Jane Austens earliest invents. It was written in 1798, but not published until 1818, and is an excellent example of what Austen believed a novel should not be. In the work Jane Austens Novels Social Change and Literary Form, Julia Prewitt Brown states The evident purpose of Northanger Abbey is to burlesque the popular fiction of her day, to carry its conventions and assumptions to an absurd extravagance (50.) To achieve her purpose Austen uses parody to portray a comic version of a gothic novel while presenting false emotions of romanticism and concentrating on pure human beings and their mutual reactions. The writer of the pure novel sets out to delight us not by prodigality of invention, the creation of a large gallery of characters, the alternation of a large snatch of contrasted scenes, but by attention to the formal qualities of composition, to design, to the subordination of the parts to the whole, the whole being the exploration of the relations between his characters or of their relations to a rudimentary situation or theme. (Allen, pp114.)In Northanger Abbey, Austen intended to reflect a contrast between a normal, healthy-natured girl and the romantic heroines of fiction thorough the use of characterization. By portraying the main character, Catherine Moorland, as a girl slightly affected with romantic notions, Jane Austen exhibits the co... ...ne show his sensibility. His imagination and creativity motivate him to read Gothic romances and to queer in the effects that his inventive tales produce. His decision to marry Catherine is motivated by feelings of love that furth er exemplifies his sensibility. Throughout the novel the readers see an excellent display of enthalpys powerfulness to maintain equilibrium between the two qualities. He passes his knowledge onto Catherine to help her to become a better person. At the end of the novel it is apparent that Henry has taught the keys of his success to Catherine. Works CitedAllen, Walter. The English Novel. New York E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1954. Austen, Jane. Northanger Abbey. 1818. Mineola, NY Dover Publications, 2000.Prewitt Brown, Julia. Jane Austens Novels Social Change and Literary Reform. Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1979.

Foreign Exchange Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Culture Essays

Foreign ExchangeOne of the greatest experiences that a college student abide have is that of studying abroad. It is i of the most enlightening experiences wizard can ever become involved in. It is a wonderful way to learn about another culture. Unfortunately, many of the distant exchange students at stir University have a difficult time interacting with the American students on campus. This lack of interaction is causing all students at resign to turn tail out on a very important experience. Although there is currently a program for learning about outsideers and there foods, it is not an on-going program. State University should set up new programs to ensure that the foreign exchange students are able to socialize with the non-foreign exchange students.The non-communication between the Americans and the foreign students that is currently going on at Iowa State University is a problem in many ways. When the foreign exchange students do not have much interaction with the Americ an students, they miss experiencing the things they came here experience. I only have seven months here, and two are already gone. And, well, I dont know any Americans, said a foreign exchange student. Wasting time while here is a major concern for many of these foreign exchange students. They only have a small amount of time to soak in an entirely different culture. Foreign exchange students want to experience what it is like to be part of our culture. For the foreign exchange students to learn what it is like to be a part of our culture, they must first be accepted into the culture. If this new culture does not accept them, they can not learn what it is like to be a part of the new culture. Without being able to become a part of our society, they are un... ...at Iowa State, but it is one of the best also.It is State Universitys responsibility to hit sure that its students grow not only academically but culturally as well. Iowa State should make sure that its students broaden the ir own horizons and learn to open their minds to new and different things. By setting up some of the afore-mentioned programs, Iowa State would do its part in helping us learn culturally. The study abroad program is a wonderful program, but it could be made much more beneficial. It could better return both the Americans and the foreign exchange students if the roads of communication were more open. Works Cited1. Study Abroad Center. Iowa State University. <http.//www.iastate.edu/cip/INTL/Project_Assist.html2. Harcourt Brace and Company. The Nature of Culture. United States of America, 1999. Cultural Anthropology.

Foreign Exchange Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Culture Essays

Foreign ExchangeOne of the greatest experiences that a college student can feature is that of studying abroad. It is one of the most enlightening experiences one can ever become involved in. It is a wonderful way to learn about other culture. Unfortunately, m each of the foreign exchange students at State University have a difficult time interacting with the American students on campus. This lack of interaction is causing on the whole students at State to miss out on a very important experience. Although in that respect is shortly a program for learning about foreigners and there foods, it is non an on-going program. State University should set up new programs to ensure that the foreign exchange students atomic number 18 able to socialize with the non-foreign exchange students.The non-communication between the Americans and the foreign students that is currently going on at Iowa State University is a problem in many ways. When the foreign exchange students do not have much int eraction with the American students, they miss experiencing the things they came here experience. I nevertheless have seven months here, and two are already gone. And, well, I dont know any Americans, said a foreign exchange student. Wasting time while here is a major concern for many of these foreign exchange students. They only have a small amount of time to soak in an entirely different culture. Foreign exchange students want to experience what it is like to be part of our culture. For the foreign exchange students to learn what it is like to be a part of our culture, they must first be accepted into the culture. If this new culture does not accept them, they can not learn what it is like to be a part of the new culture. Without being able to become a part of our society, they are un... ...at Iowa State, but it is one of the best also.It is State Universitys responsibility to make sure that its students grow not only academically but culturally as well. Iowa State should make s ure that its students broaden their own horizons and learn to open their minds to new and different things. By setting up some of the afore-mentioned programs, Iowa State would do its part in helping us learn culturally. The study abroad program is a wonderful program, but it could be made much much beneficial. It could better benefit both the Americans and the foreign exchange students if the roads of communication were more open. Works Cited1. Study Abroad Center. Iowa State University. <http.//www.iastate.edu/cip/INTL/Project_Assist.html2. Harcourt Brace and Company. The Nature of Culture. get together States of America, 1999. Cultural Anthropology.

A Semiotic Analysis of the Battle Fo Algiers

The Battle of Algiers, which was produced in 1966 and directed by Gillo Pontecorvo, is a flick which explores the Algerian struggle for indep revokeence between 1954 and 1962. The film is constructed using a documentary style and was filmed on the actual locations where horizontalts unfolded. The Battle of Algiers is an example of neorealist filmmaking which purports to give an objective, realistic account of the battles waged between the FLN (National Liberation Front) rebels and the cut array.The formal elements of style which make believe the narrative can be examined using semiotic theory in order to break up understand how the attestor can be questiond into particular ideologic positions. Interestingly, the ideal prospecting position is not easily recognisable, which is why the film works well in striking a balance in lay outing the points of facial expressions of combating sides. semiotics refers to the study of and meaning created by signs, which argon composed of signifiers and their signifieds. Semiotic systems are cultur everyy contingent they appeal to and are informed by ideology (Osullivan, Hartley, Saunders, capital of Alabama & Fiske, 2004).Therefore, it may be significant to note that The Battle of Algiers is essentially a European production as the key creative positions in the production of the film were occupied by Italians (Wayne, 2001, p. 9). With this in mind, it would appear that the referenceisations which are constructed through the combination of formal filmic conventions can be seen to position the viewer into considering the futility of continued political run across over a colonised state, regard little of the viewers ideological point of view. Ostensibly, the characterisations of the combatants from the FLN and the french military machine are polarised opposites.The FLN rebels are less organised, unwell funded, less literate and rely on deception and terror to further their ca physical exertion. Opposed to this, th e cut paratroopers are well organised, disciplined, calculating, brutal, and use torture and modern weaponry to expect the rebels. The character of Ali La-Pointe can be read as the embodiment of the FLN, whereas Colonel Philippe Mathieu can be read as the embodiment of the French military. La-Pointe is contend by non-professional actor, Brahim Haggiag, a real life petty criminal (Odeh, 2004). On the other hand, Colonel Mathieu is played by the only professional in the cast, Jean Martin (Odeh, 2004).La-Pointe is presented as being poorly educated and disenfranchised. His poor education is signified in the horizon where he asks the boy courier, Petit Omar, to read him a communication from FLN leader, Jaffar. Other signifiers of his poor education and imprint socio-economic status are his tatty clothing, unkempt appearance and lack of paid employment. La-Pointe is characterised as being ill-disciplined and short-tempered. This is signified clearly by La-Pointe punching a young Fre nch globe later on he is called a dirty Arab. His past crimes, albeit petty, are signified by voiceover.La-Pointe is in like manner impulsive in his share as a rebel leader. He is impatient to fight the French military and does not see the sense in the more than measured approach suggested by Jaffar. Whilst La-Pointe is not a fabric citizen and is not easy to sympathise with he is, however, characterised as being a strong leader, courageous and loyal to his cause. La-Pointes characterisation perhaps works to interpellate the viewer into a position which favours a worldly-minded ideology, because La-Pointes rise to eminence within the FLN is seemingly more out of vengeance and revenge, rather than any political manoeuvring or prowess.Ironically, this lack of political power which results in violence and terror adds authenticity to La-Pointes character and in so doing, his character positions the viewer to understand that the French hegemonic ideology is the root cause of the A rabs disenfranchisement. In contrast to La-Pointe, Colonel Mathieu is characterised as being intelligent, charismatic and disciplined he is the embodiment of the French military and by extension the French culture. Mathieu is the most developed character in the film and this can be read as being metaphoric of the French cultures supposed sophistication.The mise-en-scene when Mathieu is parading down a large street along the seafront after being kick upstairsed to command the dourensive against the FLN rebels is significant. Matheiu, a tall, sturdy, middle-aged man looks resplendent in full military uniform amidst cheering French locals and is presented as the messiah like character. Tellingly though, it is the dark sunglasses, rolled up sleeves and un furthertoned shirt which give him an authentic and individual appearance he appears to be a man of action and experience. The viewer is immediately positioned to sense that Mathieus arriver will coincide with a significant change in events in Algiers.As the viewers expectations are played out they are positioned to sympathise with Mathieus point-of-view. When Mathieu first arrives in Algiers, he sets about systematically dismantling the resistance, however, he points out to his colleagues that not all of the Arabs are terrorists and that most do not present a threat at all (Odeh, 2002). This is signified by Mathieu saying There are four hundred thousand Arabs in Algeria are they all enemies? We know they are not. But a small minority hold sway by means of terror and violence (Pontecorvo, 1966).He describes the organisational structure of the FLN, how they recruit members and why they are a considerable threat. This signifies Mathieus knowledge of military tactic and strategy, as well as his respect of the enemy. This respect for his enemy is also signified through the fol small(a)ing quote Its a dangerous enemy using tried-and-true revolutionary methods as well as original tactics (Pontecorvo, 1966). Although Mathieu is presented as being respectful of his adversaries, he is, on the other hand, ruthless and actively condones the use of torture.His is an attitude of win at all costs and the end justifies the means approach. Mathieu euphemistically uses the word query for torture in order to gain intelligence to dismantle the FLN pyramid structure. As he emphatically puts it, the interrogation will be conducted in such a way as to ensure we always get an answer (Pontecorvo, 1966). When questioned about these tactics in a press conference, Mathieu justifies his tactics as being the lesser of two evils, and the only way to counter clandestine tactics such as setting off bombs in public places.He is fully aware of the creation of a vicious cycle of terrorism and counterterrorism which highlights the complexity of the situation and the necessity for decisive actions. The viewer is positioned to sympathise with Mathieus persuasive rhetoric not only through his words but also because of the ca mera angles in this scene. The use of a low camera angle from the journalists perspective reinforces Mathieu as the dominant figure in the room and adds weight to his profound rhetoric.Mathieu is also belligerent towards the hypocritical journalists who want the FLN defeated, but are critical of the methods employed. The mise-en-scene during the press conference shows the dominant figure Mathieu standing slightly in front of three military colleagues who are wearing shtup expressions in a show of solidarity with their leader. They are flanked by a blackboard which shows a line graph with an upward(a) trend. This could be read as signifying an upward trend in terrorist acts or bombings.Throughout the press conference, Mathieu is in the centre of frame and stands bolt upright in a dominant fashion with detainment on hips. The positioning of Mathieu as a powerful figure with courage and vigour sets him up as being a metaphoric representation of French pride. Mathieu sits down in a mo re relaxed fashion as he appeals to the journalists sense of pride. He states, Were neither madmen nor sadists and reminds them of the role many of us played in the resistance (referring to WWII Pontecorvo, 1966). In this powerful scene Mathieu is juxtaposed with the captured FLN commander Benjamin Mhidi.Mhidi is questioned by a journalist about the use of terror tactics and is asked, isnt it cowardly to use your womens baskets to carry bombs which have taken so many innocent lives? (Pontecorvo, 1966). Mhidi replies by canvas these actions with the even more devastating effect from use of bomber planes and napalm, and suggests that he would swap the baskets for the bombers. This comment highlights the diversity between the resources of the French and the FLN and by extension the difference between the wealth and infrastructure of the French Algerians compared with the much poorer and disenfranchised Algerian Natives.The camera angles are higher when Mhidi is in shot and the reade r is positioned to view him as less powerful than Mathieu whats more most of the journalists are also standing, making the camera angle similar when they are in view which works to present them as being equally important as Mhidi. The journalists and photographers are also rowdier and jostle for position signifying less respect for him. However, Mhidi who is clearly surrounded by such adversity is defiant when asked if he thinks the FLN can defeat the French army, he poignantly suggests that they have a better chance of victory than the French have of changing history.While Mhidis argument is compelling, it is Mathieus charisma which is most memorable in this scene as it is in most others in which he is involved. With this in mind, it could be argued that it is most likely that the viewer will be interpellated into the ideological position of bourgeois subject. The Battle of Algiers is very complex in its viewer positioning however, and while on the one hand it positions the viewer to respect Mathieu as an indomitable character with admirable intentions, this is somewhat countered by some negative racist traiting. Shortly after Mathieus arrival, it becomes clear that he has a racist attitude.This is signified by his description of the Arabs as being like rabbits in a cage and is reinforced by the smirk on his submit. When asked by the General, what he is calling the operation, he whimsically looks through a pair of binoculars and sees a sign by the shipping dock which says drink Champagne. He then informs the general that he will call the operation Champagne. This use of the word champagne is metaphoric of the hegemonic rise of the French culture being imparted upon the Algerians, especially given the item that the sign is at a dock yard symbolising the foreign influence being transported from abroad.However, Mathieus racist attitude is somewhat tempered passim the film. This is signified in the scene where FLN commander, Jaffar, is captured in a seemingly inevitable fashion as the FLN are being systematically destroyed by the French paratroopers while Mathieu escorts Jaffar in a vehicle he admits that hed have hated to have blown you all up (Pontecorvo, 1966). Mathieu explains that he has had Jaffars picture on his desk for months and he felt like he knew him a bit.He also signifies his admiration in a subtle manner by telling Jaffar You dont strike me as the kind for empty gestures (Pontecorvo, 1966). Mathieu does not demonstrate any animosity towards Jaffar and the only satisfaction he finds in his capture is through the achievement of his military objective. This complex traiting is significant, given that Mathieu works, in a broad sense, as a metonym of the French military and government it shows that even the most admirable of characters is not truly existential in nature.He is still a subject of the French ideology, and therefore when surrounded by colleagues he assumes the racist persona. However, when he is interacting on a one-on-one basis with Jaffar, he is able to express empathy for his prisoner. What this highlights is the difficulty in effecting political change as a subject of the dominant ideology. It is significant that the film works to develop the character of Mathieu while neglecting the development of any other French characters. In contrast to this, some(prenominal) Arab characters are at least partially developed, albeit not as well crafted or nuanced in their presentation.This can be seen as symbolic of the opposing ideologies at work. Mathieu who represents the force of the dominant ideology is an empowered character who is allowed to express himself and has the support of the educated, wealthy French colonialists. In contrast, the main Arab characters including FLN Leaders La-Pointe, Jaffar, Mhidi and boy messenger Petit Omar are less developed, but in so doing appear to be more archetypal and representative of typical characters who inhabit the poverty-stricken Casbah.This sets up a n us versus them dichotomy in terms of ideological positions. The less-dominant Arabic ideology is becoming more powerful and is reflected in more characters performing a powerful role for change. In contrast, the dominant French ideology is lessening in strength as the French colonialists are seen to be more ambivalent towards change. This is understandable as they are wealthier and have more political power. The French military finally win the battle in 1957 by capturing or killing all the FLN leaders. in the end though, it is the native Algerians who win their independence. The film finishes by depicting the large scale demonstrations which occurred two years later, which (according to the French press) appeared unexpectedly and originated in the mountains. Many unarmed Arabs are killed by the French military during the demonstrations but the Arabs continue to demonstrate and march for ten days, chanting and waving flags. The flags are an obvious signifier of unity, pride and a h ope for independence.The film ends with one of the more powerful images of the film an Arab woman is holding a flag whilst dancing and yelling at the French military in obvious defiance. She has a determined, almost hypnotised expression on her face. This powerful mise-en-scene with the woman being backed by hundreds of demonstrators defiant in the face of powerful suppression foreshadows an inevitable change of politics after another two years of struggle. The words of Benjamin Mhidi seem even more profound by the end of the film you cannot change the course of history (Pontecorvo, 1966).Referenceshttp//www.brightlightsfilm.com/46/algiers.htm

A Yellow Raft in Blue Water Essay

Answer Discuss the three female protagonists and the men in their lives. How be their lives determined by the circumstances of their birth and subsequently by the men they chose.Michael Dorris divides the novel A Yellow Raft in Blue Water into three sections narrated by three different Native American women Rayona, Christine, and Ida. First introduced is teen-aged Rayona, whose get under ones skin Christine is dying of too much drinking and high living. Rayona was abandoned by her mother and had to fend for herself around the environment of Seattle and the Montana reservation of her birth. She is searching for a stability of affection she never quite finds. Rayona often looks down on herself base on the way people look at her. They either say she is too big, too smart, not Black, not Indian, not friendly. Rayona longs to be normal and twin in. With her mother Christine, its been another story affection came to her almost too much and nearly buried beneath it, she self-destructs in her illness fin everyy locomote to the reservation. She is very protective of her brother Lee and always concerned for his welfare.Christine does not have the skills to translate her feelings into actions and this is her main problem in relationships with others, especially with her daughter. This weakness by nature causes problems between Christine and Rayona, as Rayona begins to judge others based solely on their actions. Aunt Ida is often bitter and attempts to distance herself from others, as she fears becoming too attached to or dependent upon anyone. She tells the last part of the book and is the best at telling it. A story of how a young Indian girl Ida assumed the kid born of an aunt, whod come to nurse her sister through illness and stayed to bear her brother-in-laws child Christine.Its only here that Dorris narrative conclusiveness to telescope the story, unfold family secrets. Since Aunt Ida was so secretive of their family genes, Christine is left fatherless and h as no ancestors who she knows about. Consequently she has trouble understanding her individuation and it causes her a great disseminate of pain and disappointment. Though the one constant man in her life was her brother Lee. Christine and Lee have a very close sister-brother bond, each relying on each other for emotional support.After her brothers death, she gets married to an African American solider named Elgin. Throughout her part of the book, she faces difficulties with Elgin that reflects a lot on Rayona. During Rayonas whole life, her father Elgin is barely there, pooping in and out whenever convenient for him. Rayona Feels like she is not good enough and has trouble trying to find her place and identity in the world. These characters experience loneliness, they yearn to be loved and accepted. This results in the evident theme of belonging and abandonment.The chance to interview Michael Dorris. .What is your favorite and least favorite books of all the books you have written ? Where do you get your ideas for your books? What is your favorite type of book to read that you enjoy and do any of them help you to make your decisions to write your books? From look you have mentioned growing up in a household filled with women. Did you get any actual editorial help from women in your household? For example, did you see it to your wife and asked if you got something right?

Backlash Films

Over twenty years afterward its release, mordant standoff continues to inspire discussion and controversy. While the photographic film comfortably takes its place as one of the biggest blockbusters of the 1980s and one of the around unforgettable thrillers in cinematic history, there are many that contend it contains a slew of anti-feminist overtones. The fe staminate lead and her traits as an otherwise archetypal career woman combine with her psycho-sexual obsession with the male lead to create a character that some may front as tragic and insane, while others see as a direct firing on the feminist move handst itself.With its portrayal of the prowing career woman that victimizes a hapless man and his innocent wife, lethal devotion contains many elements that polish a backlash against the feminist movement, as well as dark male fears over the proliferation of career-minded women. foreboding(a) Attraction, released in 1987, written by James Dearden and enjoin by Adrian L yne, was conceived as a film about the consequences of infidelity. The films main character, Dan Gallagher, played by Michael Douglas, is a New York lawyer with a on the face of it happy family that includes a beautiful wife Beth, played by Anne Archer, and daughter.When Dans wife and daughter go away for the weekend, Dan meets the independent and sultry Alex Forrest, played by Glenn Close, at his law firm. The two soon engage in what Dan believes to be a casual and temporary affair. When Dan attempts to end the affair, Alexs refusal to accept it turns dramati bring forwardy negative. Alex begins to stalk Dan, showing up where he does, calling him until he refuses to take her calls. Eventually, realizing that Dan truly wants nothing to do with her, she tells him that she is pregnant with his baby.The growing obsessive madness of Alex peaks after she spies on Dan and his family from the bushes in his yard, and later breaks into the house when the family is out and boils the pet rabb it of Dans daughter. Because he can no longer hide his transgressions, Dan tells Beth about the affair, and she eventually forgives him. Alex crosses the terminal line with Dan and his family when she kidnaps his daughter only to return her unharmed later. It becomes apparent to all involved that something must be done, and for Alex, that means killing Dans wife so she can take her place.In a final climatic scene, Alex, Beth, and Dan physically fight as Alex attempts to kill Beth with a onlycher knife. Dan is forced to drown Alex in the bathtub, but she only appears dead and attacks him again, when Beth, using a gun Dan purchased for protection, promptly guns her down. While many of the plot points in the movie can be seen as unbiased movie suspense, the deeper one digs the easier it is to find subtle allusions to the place of women in society. The role of the womanish characters in Fatal Attraction show diverging archetypes for the beau ideal woman, as viewed by traditionalist s and progressive feminists.On the one hand is Alex, the calculating career woman on the other hand is Beth, the faithful wife and mother. The main female characters show the dichotomy between the traditional kind roles of women and the ultramodern. agree to Gerrig, A social role is a socially defined pattern of behavior that is judge of a person when functioning in a given setting or group (Gerrig and Zimbardo 574). The portrayal of each can be seen as a representation of a provincial virile view of femininity, in essence a backlash against feminist movement. Feminism has long been a misunderstood concept, by women and men alike.Beginning in the late nineteenth century with the rise of the New Woman, the First International Womens Conference in Paris in 1892 coined the word after the French term feministe, to represent a belief in and advocacy of equal rights for women based on the idea of the equality of the sexes (Haslanger and Tuana). At the time, it was a call for suffrage and equal justice for women and represented the beginning of the First Wave of feminism, which in America culminated in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote.By the time Fatal Attraction was released, feminism was in the midst of a strong new wave of feminism, which began in the late 1960s. In the Second Wave of feminism, feminists pushed far beyond the first wave by asking for more than just equal political rights but also greater universal equality in the workplace, education, at home, and with their own bodies (Haslanger and Tuana). The proliferation of birth control added to this wave and the growing independence of women reached a zenith in the 1980s, with women achieving equality in almost every sense of the word, with prominent women politicians, artists, and existence figures.The character of Alex Forrest seemed to suggest a dark side to this rise of feminism, that the irrational female psyche will eventually overrule the mindset of e ven the most successful women, granted that they failed to have the things traditionally considered the most feminine a family. The stability of the idealized traditional wife and mother, Beth, provides a stark contrast to the hair-raising descent into madness of the progressive single woman, Alex. While this could be nothing more than a dramatic coincidence, some see it as a flip expression of masculine fear of female empowerment.Fatal Attraction seems to suggest an almost misogynistic fear of the independent career woman that she seeks to destroy families and will stop at nothing to do so In its representation of a crazy career woman out to destroy the nuclear family, the film is a everlasting(a) example of the eras conservative backlash against independent women (Benshoff and Griffin 281). Alex participates in stalking, which is traditionally associated with men, and she possesses many of the same supreme tendencies of men.In her book, High Contrast turn tail and Gender in C ontemporary Hollywood, Sharon Willis critiques Fatal Attraction, taking the position that films like it suggest that feminine force seems to arise at the direct expense of masculine power and bodily integrity and that femininity becomes inextricably linked to masculinity, a position widely shared by feminist film critics. Willis claims that films like Fatal Attraction focus on an urgent effort to reinscribe the border of sexual difference at exactly the divide between domestic interior and creation space (Regester 52).Alex engages in behavior that, even in the 1980s, was deemed uniquely masculine. Women have long suffered the double standard of adhering to strict sexual mores, and her promiscuity exemplifies the lack of maternal qualities that most men look for in a mate. However, men like Dan use biological precedent to rationalize their constant desire to spread their seed. Dan is equally responsible for what occurred, but it is almost as if he is forgiven for his genders predi lection for sexual promiscuity, however erroneous.The most obvious feminist critique of Fatal Attraction is how it portrays Alex, the professional, single woman in her thirties as domineering, man-obsessed, and driven to insanity by her quest to achieve a long lasting alliance with Dan. The movie vilifies her and on the opposite end of the spectrum, sanctifies Beth, the devoted wife and mother. As with all the strong popular icons before her, Alex becomes the screen upon which an audience of thousands projects their fears and fantasies (Nguyen The Legend of Billie denim).Through all of this, Dan is portrayed as almost more of a hapless victim that succumbs to the wiles of a siren than what he really is a cheating spouse. The author of the story, James Dearden contends that he meant no deliberate anti-feminist overtones in his work, which began as a 1979 short film, Diversion. According to Dearden, he merely borrowed from life to create a minimalist story about the perils of adult ery My wife was out of town for the weekend, and I thought what would happen if a man who has just dropped his wife at the dragoon station rings this girl who hes met at a party and says, Would you like to have dinner? But, then it all gets ugly (Forsberg). According to the man who created the story, it was nothing more than a simple suspense story, and the criticisms that label it as anti-feminist and woman fearing are unfounded I dont see that Alex symbolizes the New Woman and is therefore made to appear ghastly to sabotage the New Womans cause. She has a career because she lives in New York, where its difficult to survive without one. For me, it was a fable about the irrational creeping into the everyday (Forsberg).He also examines the possibility of his own fears towards women and the prevalence of men that fear women in his script I dont think I fear women, but theres a certain archetype the temptress who undoes heroes of Homeric legend who is as predatory sexually as the man which men find hard to deal with because theyre used to being in the dominant role. Women certainly have an equal right to be dominant, but I dont like very dominant males or females period (Forsberg).While it can be verbalise that Fatal Attraction sought to express the male anxieties about the emerging female, as well as a rejection of feminism as a social force, to the movie aficionado it remains merely a suspense movie filled with gimmicks and plotlines as old as cinema itself. The immense success of Fatal Attraction may have entered it into the feminism conversation, but it realistically remains nothing more than a dramatic examination of adultery and obsession.The idea of the femme fatale is nothing new, and the movie simply showed that, man or woman, there is no such thing as sex without consequences. Looking at Alex Forrest as a backlash against feminism is a fair criticism, however it is unfair to believe that a fictional suspense movie like Fatal Attraction could influen ce anybody that saw it still of any preexisting agendas. The movie may be simply a reflection of the ambitions that drive everyone mad, whether male or female, career or sexual, decent or indecent.Works Cited Benshoff, Harry M. and Sean Griffin. America on Film Representing Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality at the Movies. London Blackwell Publishers, 2003. Forsberg, Myra. James Dearden Life After Fatal Attraction. The New York Times. 24 Jul 1988. 16 declension 2008. . Gerrig, Richard J. and Zimbardo, Philip G. Social Norms. Psychology and Life. 17th ed. 2005.Haslanger, Sally & Tuana, Nancy. Topics in Feminism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 15 Mar 2004. 16 Dec 2008. . Nguyen, Mimi. The Legend of Billie Jean. WorseThanQueer. com. 1 Aug 2005. 16 Dec 2008. . Regester, Charlene. Review High Contrast Race and Gender in Contemporary Hollywood Film by Sharon Willis. Film Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 2. Winter 1998 pp. 51-52.

Governance mechanisms Essay

1). Evidence from empirical studies of short-run cost-output family relationships lends support to the2). Break-even analysis usually assumes all of the following except3). In ascertain the shape of the cost-output relationship only ____ depreciation is relevant. Answer4). In the linear breakeven model, the breakeven sales volume (in dollars) can be found by multiplying the breakeven sales volume (in units) by5). A firm in pure competition would shut down whenSelected Answer harm is less than average variable cost Correct Answer price is less than average variable cost6). Buyers anticipate that the temporary w arehouse seller of unbranded computer equipment result Answer7). An experience good is bingle that8). Experience goods are products or services9). The demand curve facing the firm in ____ is the same as the industry demand curve.10). In the galvanizing power industry, residential customers have relatively ____ demand for electricity compared with large industrial users. But contrary to price discrimination, large industrial users generally are charged ____ rates.11). The practice by telephone companies of charging lower long-distance rates at night than during the day is an example of12). Of the following, which is not an economic rationale for earthly concern utility regulation?13). If a cartel seeks to maximize profits, the marketplace share (or quota) for each firm should be set at a level much(prenominal) that the ____ of all firms is identical. 14). Which of the following is an example of an oligopolistic market structure?15). Some market conditions make cartels MORE likely to succeed in collusion. Which of the following will make collusion more successful? 16). Even ideal cartels tend to be unstable because17). In making promises that are not guaranteed by thirdly parties and in imposing penalties that are not enforced by third parties, all of the following are credibility-enhancing mechanisms except18). The Prisoners Dilemma involves deu ce spies who are held in separate soundproof rooms. Buteven if the two spies could communicate, what makes it difficult for them to achieve the cooperative solution (both not confessing)?19). When airlines post prices on an electronic bulletin board at 800 a.m. each morning, the decision-makers are engaged in 20). To trust a potential cooperator until the first defection and because never cooperate thereafter is21). Vacation tours to Europe invariably package visits to disparate regions cities, mountains, and the seaside. Bundling, a type of second degree price discrimination, is most lucrative when22). Firms that have a cover charge for their customers and charge for each item they purchase as well are exhibiting23). The optimal mark-up is m = -1/ (E+1). When the mark-up on cooking utensil equals 50%, then demand elasticity (E) for cookware is24). Third-degree price discrimination exists whenever25). Governance mechanisms are designed26). Vertical integration may be actuate by all of the following except27). Agency problems appear in many settings within a firm. All of the following are examples, except which is non a good example of this problem?28). Reliant assets are always all of the following except29). ____ occurs whenever a third party receives or bears cost arising from an economic transaction in which the individual (or group) is not a direct participant.30). The lower the barriers to entry and exit, the more nearly a market structure fits the ____ market model.31). The ____ is equal to the some of the squares of the market shares of all the firms in an industry.32). ____ yields the same results as the theory of perfect competition, but requires substantially fewer assumptions than the perfectly competitive model.33).In determining the optimal capital budget, one should choose those projects whose ____ exceeds the firms ____ cost of capital.34). The ____ method assumes that the cash flows over the life of the project are reinvested at the ____.3 5). Any current outlay that is expected to yield a flow of benefits beyond one year in the future is36). Capital expendituresa

The Glass Menagerie (Critical Article #1)

Journal of the American psychoanalytic Association http//apa. sagepub. com Tennessee Williams The Uses of Declarative Memory in the provide Menagerie Daniel Jacobs J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2001 50 1259 inside 10. 1177/00030651020500040901 The online version of this article can be found at http//apa. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/50/4/1259 Published by http//www. sagepublications. com On behalf of American Psychoanalytic Association Additional services and information for Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association can be found at Email Alerts http//apa. agepub. com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions http//apa. sagepub. com/subscriptions Reprints http//www. sagepub. com/journalsReprints. nav Permissions http//www. sagepub. com/journalsPermissions. nav Citations http//apa. sagepub. com/cgi/content/refs/50/4/1259 D ingestloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at atomic number 20 digital depository library on September 9, 2009 jap a Daniel Jacobs 50/4 TENNESSEE WILLIAMS THE USES OF DECLARA TIVE retrospect board IN THE looking glass MENAGERIE Tennessee Williams c completelyed his first great encounter, The Glass Menagerie, his remembrance play. The situation in which Williams found himself when he began writing the play is explored, as be the ways in which he used the fact mood computer storage of his protagonist, tom Wingfield, to express and deal with his birth painful conflicts. Williamss use of stage directions, sparkleing, and music to evoke memory and render it three-dimensional is described. Through a close mull of The Glass Menagerie, the many uses of memory for the purposes of wish fulfillment, conflict resolution, and resilience are examined. T he place St. Louis, Missouri.The year 1943. Thomas Lanier Williams, age thirty-two, k right out-of-doorn as Tennessee, has returned to his parents kinsfolk. He has had a few minor successes. Several of his shorter plays bring been produced by the Mummers in St. Louis. For a nonher, ordered by the Webst er Grove Theater Guild, he was awarded an engraved silver cake plate. He has retained Audrey Wood as his literary agent and with her suspensor had several(prenominal) recollective time earlier won a Rockefeller fellows rosehip to support his writing. But Williamss Fallen Angels bombed in capital of Massachu preparationts the previous summer.Its sponsor, the Theater Guild, decided not to bring the play to unseasoned York. Since obtaining a B. A. from the University of Iowa in l938, Williams has been broke more often than not. He has no home of his own. Hes led an gipsy existence, living in new Orleans, New York, Provincetown, and Mexico, as well as Macon, Georgia, and Training and Supervising Analyst, Boston Psychoanalytic Society and name faculty, Massachusetts Institute for Psychoanalysis Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School.Submitted for publication October 12, 2001. Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA digital depository library on September 9, 2009 Daniel Jacobs 1260 Culver City, California. He has subsisted on junior-grade jobswaiting tables, operating an elevator, ushering at movie theaterstasks for which he is not f itted and from which he is often f ired. His vision in 1 eye is compromised by a cataract that has already necessitated surgery. And just before moving back home from New York, he was beaten up by sailors he took to the Claridge Hotel for a inner liaison.Arriving home in 1943, Tennessee f inds many things unchanged his parents, Cornelius and Edwina, remain unhappily married and their bitter quarrels f ill the house. Williams must again deal with the beget he despises. Tennessee is pressured by Cornelius, who opposed his return home, to f ind a job. If Tennessee will not return to work at the International Shoe Company, as Cornelius advises, thence he must earn his keep by performing end little domestic chores. But it is the changes in the family that are even more troubling. Williamss junior brother Dacon is in the army and may be sent into combat after basic training.His maternal grandparents throw moved in because Grandma flush, now conf ined to an upstairs bedroom, is slowly dying. Most important of all, Tennessees beloved sister, also named Rose and two years older than he, is no longer at home. She has in fact been at the State Asylum in Farmington since l937. Diagnosed schizophrenic, she has recently under at rest(p) a bilateral prefrontal lobotomy to control her aggressive behavior and overtly sexual preoccupations. During this stay at home, Williams visits Rose for the f irst time since her surgery.He f inds her behavior more lady standardized, besides she remains clearly delusional. The lobotomy, Williams realizes, was a tragically mistaken unconscious process that deprived her of any possibility of returning to normal disembodied spirit (Williams 1972, p. 251). The poor children, he will write of his St. Louis childhood, used to run all over town , but my sister and I played in our own back yard. . . . We were so close to each other, we had no need of others (Nelson 1961. p. 4). Now, for Tennessee, Rose is irretrievably lost further as a memory, alternately recalled in pain and shut out in self-defense.Williams cannot abide his situation, thrown amid his parents bitter quarrels, the slow death of his grandmother, and the terrible absence seizure of his sister. His only escape the hours of writing he does every day in the basement of the family home. Here, in the midst of washing garage windows and repairing the gutters on the back porch, he writes the memory play that he f irst calls The Gentlemen Caller and then Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE starter MENAGERIE The Glass Menagerie.The play is a brilliant, profound, and intricate study of significative memory and its psychological uses. DECLARATIVE MEMORY Declarative memory is the system that provides the priming for conscious recollection of facts and events. But this system, we know, is not just a warehouse of information, of veridical memories of actual happenings that can be retrieved at will. Rather, the like an autobiographic play, declarative memory is a creative construction forged from previous(prenominal) events and from the fears, wishes, and conf licts of the one who is remembering.As Schacter (1995) notes, The way you remember depends on the purposes and goals at the time you attempt to recall it. You ease paint the picture during the act of recalling (p. 23). It was just this complex and creative aspect of memory formation that led Freud (l899) to write that our childhood memories show us our soonest years but as they appeared in later periods when memory was aroused (p. 322). The stories we tell of our lives are as very much or so meanings as they are about facts. In the contentive and selective telling of the past, our histories are not ju st recalled, but reconstructed.History is not recounted, but remade. Williams understood this when he wrote, in the stage directions of The Glass Menagerie, that memory takes a lot of license, it omits whatsoever details, others are exaggerated to the stirred up value of the article it touches, for memory is seated predominantly in the heart (p. 21). Williams has tom turkey Wingf ield, the plays protagonist, tell us this. In his opening speech, Tom is both creative artist and unreliable rememberer I have tricks in my pockets. I have things up my sleeve. . . . I give you rightfulness in the pleasant guise of illusion (p. 2). In this way, Williams warns us from the plays beginning that memory is a tricky businessf ickle, changeable, susceptible to distortion and embellishment, but always true to the current emotional needs of the rememberer. This paper is an exploration of the emotional needs of the remembererof Tom Wingfield, the rememberer in the play, and Tom Williams, the remem berer as writer. Williams could have chosen any f irst name for his protagonist. He chose his own to accent the loosening of boundaries between fact and f iction.It is as though he is telling us that autobiographywhich is, after all, organized declarative memoryis Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 1261 Daniel Jacobs 1262 an elaborate f iction based on facts. And that f iction (the creative use of memory) is at its heart emotional autobiography. Both Tom Wingf ield and Tom Williams carry a burden of guilt for leaving the family, especially a disabled sister, and have a need to justify their behavior by dint of the use of recollection.Both Toms live with deep sorrow alongside a wish to retaliate against loved ones who have disappointed them. Remembering is for both Toms, as for all of us, a coat of many colors, worn to set us apart from others as well as link us to them, to justify our choices, to take penalise on others, to compete with them, to kill them once again, or to resurrect them from the grave. The distortions and selective uses of memory are as manifold as the needs of the rememberer. Williams endows each acknowledgment in his play with his or her own dynamic uses of memory.Amanda can escape the harshness of her current situation by evoking memories of a triumphant past. She is like a patient Kris (l956b) describes who while the tensions of the stick in were threatening . . . was master of those conjured up in recollection (p. 305). Amandas use of memories is aggressive as well, used as a weapon against her husband and children. In constantly contrasting the memories of a happy youth with the unhappiness of her marriage and the bleakness of her childrens lives, her anger and engagement take a brutal form. Unlike Amanda, her daughter Laura, who is crippled, has relatively few memories.But the memory of Jim, the gentleman caller, provides her a modicum of encourage. In a pale and pathetic personation of her mothers recollections of a house f illed with jonquils, she recalls that Jim gives her a single bouquet of sorts, the sobriquet blue roses. It is a nickname derived from his psychologically intuitive error of the illness pleurosis, which had kept Laura out of school. She cannot compete with her mother in the fond memory department and retreats to the concrete but fragile satisfactions of her glass menagerie, where memory and visual sense are safely storeduntil Jim arrives.The gentleman caller is a man who lives in the present and seems to have little use for the past. It is the future to which he looks. In fact, one feels that memory of his high school greatness are both a satisfaction and a threat to him. For he, like John Updikes Harry group A (1960) will never experience the glory days of the past. He says as much to Laura But just look around you and you will see often of people disappointed as you are. For instance, I had hoped when I was going to high s chool that I would be further along at this time, six years later, Downloaded from http//apa. agepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE than I am now. You remember that wondrous write-up I had in The Torch (p. 94). While Amanda revels in her triumphant past as a way of dealing with the present, Jim runs from his into the future. Seeing in the crippled Laura some aspect of his own feared limitations, he tries to help her overcome hers through encouragement and f inally a kiss. His inability to help her in the end may be a harbinger of his own failures.MEMORY AND LOSS Williams was aware also that declarative memory is paradoxical in that it resurrects and keeps alive in the present what is dead and gone forever. Referring to this paradoxical aspect of memory, he wrote that when Wordsworth speaks of daffodils or Shelley of the skylark or Hart Crane of the delicate and inspiring structure of the Brooklyn Bridge, the screen imagism is not so murky that one cannot surmise behind it the ineluctable form of Ophelia (Leverich 1995, p. 536). The very presence of memory implies loss.Memory, if you will, is the exquisite lifelike corpse that both denies and acknowledges what has passed away. There is for all of us that double vision that memory imparts, one that at once has the capacity to help and to hurt. Declarative memory provides coherence and direction to our lives, but also reminds us that our path inevitably leads to disintegration and death. The daffodils recollected in tranquility are, at the same time, Ophelias garland. Amanda Wingf ields recollection of her past social triumphs only reminds us of how much time has passed and how many hopes have been dashed.Lauras attachment to the happy memories of childhood innocence represented by her glass menagerie only makes harsher the realities of her adult life and the bleakness of her future. Laura and Amanda are represented as having a choice between t he infantile omnipotence of their past or a feeling of victimization in the present. When Amanda stirs up old memories as a hedge against the painful present and uncertain future, they are only partially effective. For the contrast between past and present, and the knowledge that what is past will never come again, lead only to further depression and anxiety (Schneiderman 1986).Similarly, behind Tom the protagonists memory of Laura at home lies, for Tom the author, the real Rose in a current state of institutionalized madness. Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 1263 Daniel Jacobs MEMORY AND RESILIENCE 1264 Davis (2001) points out the contribution declarative memory can make to resilience through soothing af fects that are evoked in recalling a declarative memory of a loving relationship with a parent or other important person (p. 459).Such memories can grow directly out of spry relationships or they can be achieved through ret rieving and modifying memory of more problematic attachments (p. 466). Davis illustrates his point with the example of Mr. Byrne, a subject in a longitudinal study of adult development. Davis focuses on the fact that in interviews at different times in adult life, Mr. Byrnes memories of his give changed. At age forty-six, surrounded by a supportive community and family, Mr. Byrne had no memories of his alcoholic and neglectful father and did not think his fathers being a f ireman had inf luenced his own decision to become one.At sixty-six, retired and with his children grown, Mr. Byrne had succeeded in f inding his father inside as a sustaining inner object in declarative memory (p. 465). He did so through creating or retrieving warm memories of their times together in the f irehouse and by misremembering the humiliating events of his fathers death so as to have a more positive image of him. Mr. Byrnes father had committed suicide, alone and away from the family. But late in life, Mr. Byrne spoke frequently of his fathers having taken him to the f ire station when he was a youngster.He was now sure these happy times with his father had inf luenced his decision to become a f ireman himself. He placed his fathers death in a family desktop and claimed to have been the one who found him. Davis points out that we often pretend the memories we need in order to maintain psychological resilience and mental health. Whatever good experiences Mr. Byrne did have with a diff icult and neglectful father seem to have been magnif ied through the lens of memory aided by imagination in the service of wish fulf illment.It is an example of what Kris (1956a) meant by describing autobiographical memory as telescopic, dynamic, and lacking in autonomy our autobiographical memory is in a constant state of f lux, is constantly being reorganized, and is constantly being subject to the changes which the tensions of the present tend to impose (p. 299). In a way, Williams does the same thing by creating a memory play. Lonely, guilty over his sisters fate, f inding St. Louis and his family unbearable, Williams begins writing a play that both ref lects his current Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. om at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE suffering and at the same time assuages it. In writing The Glass Menagerie, he micturates for himself one of those delicate glass animals a littler tender bit of illusion that relieves him of the austere pattern of life as it is lived in the present and makes it more bearable. He does so not by setting his play in the harsh realities of the present, too painful to write about, but in creatively altered memory. Sitting at his writing table, Williams reclaims his sister (Laura in the play) from the State Asylum and places her at home again.She is not frankly delusional and lobotomized. She is not even in Roses presurgical state of illnessa state of aggressiveness and talkative ness made worse by utter and unending vulgarity. Instead, she is portrayed as painfully shy, weak, and schizoid. And Cornelius, the real-life father he must hardihood daily, is gone. Gone from the play for dramatic purposes to be sure the play would lose a certain edge were there another breadwinner in the house. But in the play, Williams expresses his wish to reconstruct reality and, in this play of memory and desire, rid himself of the old man.Yet he is not entirely gone, for the fathers picture hangs on the wall, like Hamlets ghost, reminding us of a sons ambivalent longing for a father. For in 1943 and throughout his life, Williams longed for some man to comfort and help him. In the play, his own wish for a supportive, loving father is transformed into the wish for the gentleman callersomeone who, unlike his father, will help Laura, satisfy Amanda, and, by his assuring presence, bless Toms own departure. He is not only the person Williams longs for, but also the one he longs to be, though he knows it is a function he can never play.It is no accident then that Jim, the gentleman caller, conveys an uncomfortable uncertainty about his future. He is, in a sense, the failed high school hero, with perhaps unrealizable dreams for the future. Jim already hints that the realities of life may not meet his expectations. He expresses resentment at having to work at two jobs his work and his marriage, in which he has to punch the clock every night with Betty. He is f lirtatious with Laura, even going so faraway as to kiss her, showing a clear sympathy and attraction to women other than his f iancee.Tennessees father, a bitter man from a grown Southern family, a heavy drinker and a womanizer, while banned from the play, haunts it through his portrait and is resurrected in the f lesh in Jim, who is likewise disappointing and cannot be counted on and who, in the future, may come to resemble Cornelius. In his own life, Williams found and lost gentlemen callers hundreds of times over. And when he was Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 1265 Daniel Jacobs ot looking for the gentleman caller, he was being one, abandoning and disappointing those who loved him. The only one he was truly true to was Rose. Memories are like dreams or fantasies in that all the characters remembered at a particular moment may represent aspects of the rememberers own personality. Amandas steely will to go is ref lected in Toms stubborn insistence on leaving. Lauras fragility and submissiveness are what he must try to get away from in himself. Jim is the artist manque, the average joe Tom fears he will become if he doesnt leave. THE STAGING OF MEMORY 1266Through the very structure of his play and the sensible placement of its characters, Williams shows us that we cannot have a past without a present or a present uninf luenced by the past. He takes us back and aside in time as Tom Wingf ield literally steps in and ou t of the railroad f lat of his memory. He both ref lects on his past and participates in it, as his memories come alive. All the plays characters slip in and out of memory, from present to past and back again, as they act with one another, forging their current identity and present relationship in the anvil of a past they selectively remember.The stage set that Williams proposed concretizes the alternating onward and disinclined movement of time that takes place in the characters and in all of our minds. Toms opening soliloquy is stage front in the present and is often played outside the apartment. The scene that follows is from the past, set in a dining room at the back of the stage, as if to emphasize the remoteness of memory. The f igures move backward and forward on stage, like memories themselves, coming into consciousness and then receding. Lighting is used in a equal way to emphasize through spotlighting the highly selective and highly cathected aspects of memory.Lightnes s and darkness, dimness and clarity, play an important role in the ambience of the play, heightening the shifting play of memory. Williams is specif ic about the use of lighting in his production notes for The Glass Menagerie The lighting in the play is not realistic. In keeping with the atmosphere of memory, the stage is dim. Shafts of light are focused on selected areas or actors, sometimes in contradistinction to what is the apparent center. . . . A free and imaginative use Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. om at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE of light can be of enormous value in giving mobile, flexible quality to plays of more or less static nature (Williams 1945, p. 10). By commissioning an original musical score, Williams makes a deliberate attempt to evoke memory in members of the audience memories of their own youthful stirrings, with all the fears and pleasures that attend them. Schacter (1996) notes that it is t he memories of adolescence and early adulthood that are most often retained as we grow older.In postulation Paul Bowles to write a revolutionary piece of music for his play, Williams, I think, is playing with the notion that memory is a new creation, similar to Bowless new music, Williams counts on the fact that while the score has never been heard before by the audience, it nevertheless feels familiar and seems a part of ones previous experience. While the music may stimulate declarative memories of young adulthood in the audience, by its wordlessness it is designed to evoke nondeclarative memory experienced as a feeling state (Davis 2001).By using a new score rather than relying on familiar tunes, Williams insists that memory is an invention of the present rather than a replica of the past. CONCLUSION 1267 So we have Tom Williams in his basement room writing about Tom Wingf ield. His protagonist is thrust both forward and backward in time Tom Wingf ield in 1945 is ref lecting on a time before World War II began. Tom Wingf ield is Tennessee and not him at the same time. The memories Williams calls forth from his own experiences are transformed in ways that are not only dramatically but psychologically necessary for the author.Rendering the truth through selective and transformed memory, Williams creates his own glass menagerie to which he could each day retreat from the harsh realities of his life in St. Louis in l943. He creates fragile f igures he can control, moving them around the imagined setting of creative memory. In creating the play, he can always be near Rose. On the page and on the stage, the two are bound forever, like f igures on a Grecian urn. At the same time, the play is a justif ication for Tennessees departure from the family, a plea for understanding as to why he must leave the altered Rose (his castrated self) behind and pursue his own path.Freud (1908) pointed out how both in creative writing and fantasy past, present, and future are st rung together, as it were, on the thread of the wish that runs through Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 Daniel Jacobs 1268 them (p. 141). In the process of writing The Glass Menagerie, the infantile wish to reunite with Rose, to rid himself of a detestable father, and to overcome the threats of castration that Roses situation and his own imply, f inds a solution to his torments.He does what Tom Wingf ield does in the play. He leaves. By May of l943, Tennessee is on his way to Hollywood to become, for a short time, a screenwriter. But like Tom Wingf ield, Tennessee cannot leave his past behind. He will be as faithful to Rose as Tom Wingf ield is to Laura when at the plays end he says, I tried to leave you behind me, but I am much more faithful than I intended to be (p. 115). Of their relationship, Rasky (l986) wrote, Just as Siamese twins may be joined at the hip or breastbone, Tennessee was joined to his sister, Rose, by the heart. . . In the history of love, there has seldom been such devotion as that which Tennessee showed his lobotomized sister (p. 51). Peter Altman, former director of Bostons Huntington Theater, points out how with the writing of The Glass Menagerie Williams blows out the candles on an overtly autobiographical form of writing and moves on to create full-length plays less obviously reliant on the concrete details of his own history (private communication, 1997). While he could never psychologically free himself from the traumatic events of his upbringing, artistically he was able to move ahead.By creating within and through the play his own glass menagerie, where the characters are f ixed and can live forever in troubled togetherness, he grants himself permission to leave St. Louis once again. Such a creation is akin to Kriss description of the personal myth (1956a) A coherent set of autobiographical memories, a picture of ones course of life as part of the self-representation that has attracted a particular investment, it is defensive inasmuch as it prevents certain experiences and groups of impulses from grasp consciousness. At the same time, the autobiographical self-image has taken the place of a repressed fantasy . . (p. 294). But in the patients Kris described, sections of personal history had been repressed and the autobiographical myth created to maintain that repression. In Williamss case, he is quite conscious of the distortions in his memory play, but creativity serves a function for the artist similar to that served by personal myth in Kriss patients. Williams is able to separate further from his family by keeping himself, through his memory play, attached to them forever, selectively remembered and frozen in time in a way painful, yet acceptable, to him.By writing the play, a visual representation of memory and Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE wis h, Williams creates a permanent wish-fulf illing hallucination providing gratif ication and psychic survival (see Freud 1908). Of his sister Roses collection of glass animals, which was transformed into Lauras glass menagerie, Williams wrote that they stood for all the small tender things (including, I think, happy memories) that relieve the austere pattern of life and make it endurable to the sensitive.The areaway the alley behind his familys f lat in St. Louis, where cats were torn to pieces by dogs was one thingmy sisters exsanguine curtains and tiny menagerie of glass were another. Somewhere between them was the world we lived in (Nelson 1961, p. 8). What enables Williams to survive psychically and adds to his resilience in St. Louis in l943 is, I believe, his ability to create a space between the bitter realities of family life and his impulse to f lee and forget it allto blow out the candles of memory.That space was his memory play, a space he inhabited daily through his writ ing, a space of some resilience where psychologically needed memories are created amid the pain and sorrow of the present. And in so doing, he reminds us all of the role memory plays in our survival. Our memories are like glass menageries, precious, delicate, and chameleonlike. We can become trapped by them like Laura and Amanda. Or, as in the case of Tennessee and Mr. Byrne, we can gain resilience from their plasticity that allows us to move forward psychologically.Williams wrote, in his essay The Catastrophe of Success (1975), that the monosyllabic word of the clock is Loss, loss, loss, unless you devote your heart to its opposition (p. 17). Tennessee felt that for him the hearts opposition could best be expressed through writing. He felt that the artist, his adventures, travels, loves, and humiliations are resolved in the creative product that becomes his indestructible life. (Leverich 1995, p. 268) I think he might have agreed that while creative work plays that role for the art ist, memory and fantasy are its equivalent for all of us.Williams knew that it is through the creative transformation of experience, sometimes in verse, sometimes in memory, that we draw nearer to that long delayed but always expected something we live for (1945, p. 23). REFERENCES 1269 DAVIS, J. (2001). Gone but not forgotten Declarative and non-declarative memory processes and their contribution to resilience. Bulletin of the Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 Daniel Jacobs 1270 Menninger Clinic 65451470. FREUD, S. (1899). Screen memories. Standard Edition 3301322. (1908). Creative writers and day-dreaming.Standard Edition 9143153. K RIS , E. (1956a). The personal myth. In The Selected Papers of Ernst Kris. New Haven Yale University Press, 1975, pp. 272300. (1956b). The recovery of childhood memories in psychoanalysis. In The Selected Papers of Ernst Kris. New Haven Yale University Press, 1975, pp. 301340. LEVERICH, L. (199 5). Tom The Unknown Tennessee Williams. New York Norton. NELSON, B. (1961). Tennessee Williams The Man and His Work. New York Obolensky. RASKY, H. (1986). Tennessee Williams A Portrait in Laughter and Lamentation. Niagara Falls Mosaic Press. SCHACTER, D. (1995).In Search of Memory. Cambridge Harvard University Press. SCHNEIDERMAN, L. (1986). Tennessee Williams The incest motif and f ictional love relationships. Psychoanalytic Review 7397110. UPDIKE, J. (l960). Rabbit, Run. New York Knopf. WILLIAMS, T. (1945). The Glass Menagerie. New York New Direc-tions, l975. (l972). Memoirs. New York Doubleday. (l975). The catastrophe of success. In The Glass Menagerie. New York New Directions, 1975, pp. 1117. 64 Williston Road Brookline, MA 02146 E-mail emailprotected com Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009

Statement of Purpose Santosh G Vattam MS

Statement of end Santosh G Vattam MS, Embedded Systems (CIS), May 2012 Research Interest I am a Master of Science and Engineering bookman majoring in Embedded Systems from University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 2012. I am interested in infix systems illustrationing and warning based code generation. This interest has developed thanks to my research brook with Prof. Insup Lee as well as the Embedded and Cyber material Systems and the Principles of Embedded enumeration courses I took at Penn with Prof. Insup Lee and Prof. Rajeev Alur respectively.The Embedded and CPS course relate modeling and implementation of a pacemaker, maculation the Principles of Embedded Computation course provided the much needed theoritical foundation for developing embedded system models and manipulateing and authorize thus developed models. Research projects In Jan 2011, I started wagering on the Medical Device Dongle(MDD) Project with Prof. Insup Lee. The idea was to make patient monitor ing, patient centrical rather than catch centric by developing a standards-based interface for medical device interoperability.We decided to use the existing device interoperability standard IEEE11073-PHD with dismiss modications. I utilize the rst prototype of the IEEE11073 Manager and Agent convey machines. We later encountered the problem of providing a medium for using the services of the MDD and thus we designed and implemented an interface to sit on top of the MDD. We have since presented our work at the Wireless wellness Conference 2011, San Diego, CA and at Embedded Software week Android competition, Taipei, Taiwan. We shall also be presenting at the International Health Informatics Symposium, Miami, FL in Jan 2012.Prior to this, I have worked on the Coverage Analysis of RTEMS(Real Time administrator for Multiprocessor Systems) as part of Google Summer of Code 2009 and mentored another student in 2010 for the same project. This project was my rst step into the embedde d world. I wrote test cases to authorize that each single line of object code generated was executed. I worked on the RTEMS-core codebase and in 2010 I mentored a student to work on the extended codebase. Research counseling I would like to focus my research on model based code generation and validating the conformation of code to the model on which it was based.This is a problem that I have come across while working on the MDD project. We have based our design on the IEEE11073 architecture but on that point are no open implementations of it through which we can verify our implementation. There are certain validation tools but these just analyze the packet complex body part of the 11073 packets but not the ow of these packets within the network of devices. I am partly tackling this problem through my Masters thesis by writing test cases to validate the exchange of the right packets. This method, however, does not provide perceptiveness into the inner(a) state ow of the code. I would like to study, n depth, the ways of validating code to the state model. I believe that by pursuing a PhD I shall not only gain the necessary skill set to tackle this problem, but also the insight of looking at unstructured data and obtaining structured study from it. Prof Insup Lee and his team at the PRECISE Center work on model based design and validation in the medical device domain. I have been working with Prof. Insup Lee and his team for close to a year at one time on the MDD project. I believe that the environment and the expertise at the PRECISE Center will provide me with the encouragement and the academic stimulus to excel at my research.Statement of Purpose Santosh G Vattam MSStatement of purpose Santosh G Vattam MS, Embedded Systems (CIS), May 2012 Research Interest I am a Master of Science and Engineering student majoring in Embedded Systems from University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 2012. I am interested in embedded systems modeling and model based cod e generation. This interest has developed thanks to my research project with Prof. Insup Lee as well as the Embedded and Cyber Physical Systems and the Principles of Embedded Computation courses I took at Penn with Prof. Insup Lee and Prof. Rajeev Alur respectively.The Embedded and CPS course involved modeling and implementation of a pacemaker, while the Principles of Embedded Computation course provided the much needed theoritical foundation for developing embedded system models and verifying and validating thus developed models. Research projects In Jan 2011, I started working on the Medical Device Dongle(MDD) Project with Prof. Insup Lee. The idea was to make patient monitoring, patient centric rather than device centric by developing a standards-based interface for medical device interoperability.We decided to use the existing device interoperability standard IEEE11073-PHD with slight modications. I implemented the rst prototype of the IEEE11073 Manager and Agent state machines . We later encountered the problem of providing a medium for using the services of the MDD and thus we designed and implemented an interface to sit on top of the MDD. We have since presented our work at the Wireless Health Conference 2011, San Diego, CA and at Embedded Software Week Android competition, Taipei, Taiwan. We shall also be presenting at the International Health Informatics Symposium, Miami, FL in Jan 2012.Prior to this, I have worked on the Coverage Analysis of RTEMS(Real Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems) as part of Google Summer of Code 2009 and mentored another student in 2010 for the same project. This project was my rst step into the embedded world. I wrote test cases to validate that every single line of object code generated was executed. I worked on the RTEMS-core codebase and in 2010 I mentored a student to work on the extended codebase. Research focus I would like to focus my research on model based code generation and validating the conformation of co de to the model on which it was based.This is a problem that I have come across while working on the MDD project. We have based our design on the IEEE11073 architecture but there are no open implementations of it through which we can verify our implementation. There are certain validation tools but these just analyze the packet structure of the 11073 packets but not the ow of these packets within the network of devices. I am partly tackling this problem through my Masters thesis by writing test cases to validate the exchange of the right packets. This method, however, does not provide insight into the internal state ow of the code. I would like to study, n depth, the ways of validating code to the state model. I believe that by pursuing a PhD I shall not only gain the necessary skill set to tackle this problem, but also the insight of looking at unstructured data and obtaining structured information from it. Prof Insup Lee and his team at the PRECISE Center work on model based desig n and validation in the medical device domain. I have been working with Prof. Insup Lee and his team for close to a year now on the MDD project. I believe that the environment and the expertise at the PRECISE Center will provide me with the encouragement and the academic stimulus to excel at my research.

Health Promotion for Alcohol Essay

Bernadette Ward RN, Midwife, Grad Cert Ed, MPHandTM, MHlth Sci Lecturer, Faculty of wellness Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia. B. Wardlatrobe. edu. au Glenda Verrinder RN, Midwife, Grad Cert Higher Ed, Grad Dip Pub and Com Health, MHlth Sci Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia. ABSTRACT alcoholic beverage misuse in Australia society is a union issue that stern be addressed successfully within a wellness procession framework. It is principal(prenominal) that strategiesarenotperceivedasquickfixesbutwork toward addressing nearly of the underlying geomorphological factors that return to the problem.Objective The objective of this article is to demonstrate how nurses can use the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion framework in addressing inebriantic beverage misuse among juvenile raft. Primary argument The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986) provides a useful framework from which to view the health of whol e commonwealths over their life path and in doing so work toward strengthening lots health potential (World Health Organization 2005). The relevanceoftheCharterliesnotonlyintheinfluenceit has on establishing health promotion practice, but also theinfluenceithasonhealthpolicydevelopmentand health query (World Health Organization 2005).Conclusion Parents and lodge members select an important purpose to play in addressing inebriantic beverage misuse among adolescents but they need to be back up by nurses who can provide care within a health promotion framework. KEY WORDS alcohol, youth, Ottawa charter AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF advance NURSING great deal 25 Number 4 114 POINT OF visit INTRODUCTION The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986) has been phenomen altogethery influential in guiding the development of the concept of health promotion and shaping public health practice (Nutbeam 2005).The Charter is now more than 30 years h one and only(a)st-to-goodness and, as a l andmark document, outlines a clear statement of treat that continues to have resonance for nurses around the world. The Charter was re? endorsed in Bangkok at the 2005, 6th Global convention on Health Promotion as it had been in Mexico? City (2000), Jakarta (1997), Sundsvall (1991) and Adelaide (1988). The principles and action firmaments have stood the test of time in nursing, health policy development and health research.Itisnowknowntherearemanyfactorswhichinfluence health and illness. There is generally no single cause or single contributing factor which determines the likeliness of health or illness rather there tends to be a variety of causes. Factors that determine physical and mental health status include income, employment, poverty, education, and get to to community resources. These social factors generate peoples life experiences and opportunities which inturnmakeiteasierormoredifficultforpeopleto make positive decisions about their health.While there are many actions that a soul can take to protect their own or their families health, very a great deal the social context of their lives makes it impossible to take those actions (Talbot and Verrinder 2005). Health promotion and disease legal community strategies at the societal level are now part of the repertoire of nursing interventions. The Ottawa Charter highlights the importance of building healthy public policy, creating validating environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills and reorienting health services.Used collectively in any population setting, the action areas have a better disaster of promoting health than when they are used in isolation. The Charter also highlights the potential role of organisations, systems and communities, as well as individual behaviours and capacities (Talbot and Verrinder 2005). AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF locomote NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 Health promotion strategies have been used trenchantlytoaddresshealthissuesthatareidentifi ed as problems by the community.In Australia and throughout other western countries, the misuse of alcohol by young people has been highlighted as a problem (Toumbourou et al 2003). Alcohol misuse amongst adolescents For many Australians, alcohol phthisis is a pleasurable part of everyday life (Parliament of capital of Seychelles 2004). However in recent years there have been several reports highlighting that the proportion of adolescents devour alcohol and the amount of alcohol they are drinking is at record levels (AIHW 2008 White and Hayman 2006 Shanahan and Hewitt 1999).The long and short term sequelae associated with risk of infectiony or high risk alcohol consumption include disconfirming physical, emotional and social consequences (NHMRC 2001). Immediate ill-uses include accidents, injuries, decreased scholastic and sporting performance, aggression, violence, assault, disrupted family relationships, high risk intimate activity,drivingwhileundertheinfluenceofalcohol and d elinquent behaviour (Jones and Donovan 2001). Among young people daysd 16 to 24 years, alcohol link harm is one of the leading causes of disease andinjuryburden(AIHW2006).Thesefindingsare consistent with population ground research in Europe, United States and Canada (Jernigan 2001). CommunityconcernhasbeenreflectedinAustralian media reports about teenage binge drinking and the associated harms and generated debate in the Australian media about raising the legal age of alcohol consumption from 18 to 21 years (Editor 2008 Toumbourou et al 2008). In countries outside Australia, studies have demonstrated that raising the legal age for alcohol consumption bowdlerizes adolescents access to alcohol and the subsequent associated harms (Ludbrook et al 2002 Grube 1997).While there are lessons to be learned from these settings, perceptions of health and how to address the determinants of illness have changed due to a combination of well informed top? down and well anchored bottom? up appro aches to policy making (WHO 2005). Previous reports in Australia 115 POINT OF VIEW have suggested there is itty-bitty community support for any proposed changes to the electric current age for alcohol consumption and instead focus is more on the enforcement of current legislation (Loxley et al 2004).Australianparentshaveacriticalroleininfluencing the attitudes and beliefs of young people toward alcohol consumption. However parents have indicated they are looking for information, skills and community support to assist them in guiding their adolescents expert use of alcohol (Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). The five action areas of the Ottawa Charter provides strategies from which nurses can support parents to promote health and encourage safe alcohol consumption patterns among adolescents.By using the framework of the Ottawa Charter, nurses have a strong evidence base and useful framework from which to support families and the broader community in addressing the issue of alcohol misuse among young Australians. Reflecting on their own professional setting, nurses can use the Ottawa Charter framework to guide and inform interventions aimed at lessen alcohol related harm among young people. Using the Ottawa Charter as a framework to address the determinants of illness associated with alcohol misuse 1. Action area 1 Build healthy public policy causes of ill health.Community action strategies are an important way of addressing alcohol related harm (Parliament of Victoria 2004). Regulation and restriction of sales, increased server liability, increased alcohol taxes and lowered blood alcohol limits are some of the policy areas which have been shown to be effective in reducing alcohol related harm (Parliament of Victoria 2004). Healthy public policy strikes the entire population directly or indirectly. Nurses have a key role in informing and advocating on behalf of clients, families and the broader community and in promoting effective public policy.2. Action area 2 Cre ate supportive environments construction healthy public policy is one of the solutions to improving health. All public policy should be examined for its impact on health and, where policies have a negative impact on health, strategies implemented to change them. Healthy public policy is needed to ensure that people are safe. In recent years, initiatives to reduce alcohol related harm have increasingly been focused on high risk individuals (Parliament of Victoria 2004).While these strategies may be appropriate for individuals, they do little to reduce the burden of disease at the community level (Midford 2004). There are risks attached to focusing on individual behaviours and victim blaming instead of addressing the structural AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF advance NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 Healthy public policy assists in creating supportive environments that are important in ensuring that everyone lives in a place that is safe and enjoyable. Alcohol misuse is not just something that perta ins to young people it is a problem that impacts on all members of the community.In a society where alcohol is often seen as an integral part of life (Australian Government 2006) and alcohol misuse is implicated in one third of all road accidents (AustralianGovernment2001)whatisdefined as safe needs to be re? considered. Parents commonly supply alcohol to their adolescents (Graham et al 2006 Ward et al 2006 Shanahan and Hewitt 1999) and in Australia enforcement of current legislation to restrict underage access to alcohol is patchy (Loxley et al 2004).As a result,manyadolescentsfindaccesstoalcohol easy. In addition, alcohol advertising that is targeted to youth is often linked with social and sexual success and hence contravenes the Alcoholic Beverages Advertising Code (Jones et al 2001). Public policy designed to create supportive environments has resulted in the settings approach to health promotion, where working for change occurs through partnerships at the community level (Talb ot and Verrinder 2005).Nurses, for example, have a role in 116 POINT OF VIEW facilitating interaction between teachers and parents and between local government and school communities so they can exchange information, ideas, clarify values (McMurray 2003) and identify strategies that will focus on reducing alcohol related harm among young people. Nurses can encourage and establish primary care partnerships to develop alcohol action plans designed to improve the health and wellbeing of adolescents.3. Action area 3 Strengthen community action 4. Action area 4 Develop personal skills Strengthening community action is important and so there needs to be mechanisms by which the community can participate in decision making as a community and not just as an individual. Communities can determine what their needs are and how they can best be met. Thus greater power and control corpse with the people themselves, rather than totally with the experts. Community development strategies are one mea ns by which this can be achieved. To date in Australia there have not been any formal consultations with youth about raising the legal age of alcohol consumption.Central to the success of the Ottawa Charter is increasing peoples control over their own health and issues that impact on it. The participation of youth groups is critical to the principles of equity and participation. In countries outside Australia, some community mobilisation programs have been effective in changing community factors (e. g. underageaccesstoalcohol)thatinfluence alcohol use amongst young people (Holder et al 1997). There are a upshot of successful community mobilisation approaches that have focused on reducing alcohol related harm among young people (Hingson and Sleet 2007 Hanson et al 2000).The role for nurses is to draw on these examples to successfully mobilise young people to be involved in the decision making process about issues that impact on their health and wellbeing. Developing personal skills is important if people are to feel more in control of their lives and have more power in decisions that affect them. Helping people develop their skills ensures that people have the information and knowledge necessary to make informed choices. InAustralia,manyparentsfindithard to communicate with their adolescents about alcohol (Shanahan and Hewitt 1999).It is alsoclearthatmanyparentsfindthemselves isolated and weak to do anything about their adolescents alcohol misuse (Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). Systematic reappraisals of alcohol and other drug education programs in schools indicate that effective school based programs should flummox before initiation to alcohol and other drugs and that content should include social skills and resistance training. In addition, community values, societal contexts and information about drug related harm need to be included (Midford et al 2002).Alcohol education programs that provide information alone have limited success (Foxcroft et al 2003). Wit hout an accord of alcohol related harms and interventions to address those harms, parents and community members cannot support initiatives for changes (Howat et al 2007). Nurses can work with parents, teachers and students to provide formal and informal education (WHO 2005) which informs alcohol related harm reduction policies. 5. Action area 5 Reorient health services Reorienting health care is important in ensuring that health promotion is everybodys business.Re?orientating health services means that nurses have a pivotal role in fostering intersectoral collaboration between the health sector, police, education, adolescents and parents. There is some evidence to suggest that brief interventions can have some effect in reducing alcohol related harm among young people (Loxley et al 2004). However recent AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 117 POINT OF VIEW overseas evidence suggests that in settings that are most commonly used by adolescents, many health pract itioners are not comfortable and adequately skilled when working with young people (McPherson 2005).Working in partnership with other health care providers, nurses can encourage positive health practices where brief interventions that focus on harm reduction, can be provided from places where young people congregate (McMurray, 2003). Graham, M. , Ward, B. , Munro, G. , Snow, P. and Ellis, J. 2006. Rural parents, teenagers and alcohol what are parents thinking? Rural and Remote Health, 6(online)383. Available from http//www. rrh. org. au/publishedarticles/article_print_383. pdf (accessed whitethorn 2008). Grube, J. 1997.Preventing sales of alcohol to minors results from a community trial. Addiction, 92(S2)S251?260. Hanson, B. , Larrson, S. and Rastam, L. 2000. Time trends in alcohol habits results from the Kirseberg Project in Malmo, Sweden. Subst. Use Misuse. 35(1&2) 171? 187. Hingson, R. , Azkocs, R. , Herren, T. , Winter, M. , Rosenbloom, D. and DeJong, W. 2005. Effects on alcoho l related fatal crashes of a community based initiative to increase substance abuse treatment and reduce alcohol availability. Injury Prevention, 11 84? 90. Holder, H. , Saltz, R. , Grube, J. , Voas, R. , Gruenewald, P. and Treno, A. 1997. A community bar trial to reduce alcohol? involved accidental injury and death overview.Addiction, 92(S2)S155? 171. Howat, P. , Sleet, D. , Maycock, B. and Elder, R. 2007. Effectiveness of Health Promotion in Prevention Alcohol Related Harm, In McQueen, DV. and Jones, CM. Global Perspectives on Health Promotion Effectiveness. Springer, New York. Jernigan, D. 2001. Global status report alcohol and young people. World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland. Available from http//libdoc. who. int/hq/2001/WHO_MSD_MSB_01. 1. pdf (accessed May 2008). Jones, S. and Donovan, R. 2001. Messages in alcohol advertising targeted to youth. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(2)126?131. Loxley, W. , Toumbourou, J. and Stockwell, T. 2004. The prevention of substance use, risk and harm in Australia a review of the evidence. Commonwealth of Australia Canberra, Australia. Available from http//www. health. gov. au/internet/wcms/publishing. nsf/ Content/health? pubhlth? publicat? document? mono_prevention? cnt. htm/$FILE/prevention_summary. pdf (accessed May 2008). Ludbrook, A. , Godfrey, C. , Wyness, L. , Parrot, S. , Haw, S. , Napper, M. and van Teijlingen, E. 2002. Effective and cost effective measures to reduce alcohol misuse in Scotland a literature review.University of York Aberdeen, Scotland. Available from http// www. scotland. gov. uk/health/alcoholproblems/docs/lire? 00. asp (accessed May 2008). McPherson, A. 2005. Adolescents in primary care. British Medical Journal, 330(26)465? 467. Midford, R. 2004. Community action to reduce alcohol problems what should we try in Australia. Centrelines Newsletter of the home(a) Centres for Drug and Alcohol Research. Available from http//espace. lis. curtin. edu. au/archive/000 00502/01/ Pages_from_ndri012. pdf (accessed May 2008). Midford, R. , Munro, G. , McBride, M. , Snow, P.and Ladzinski, U. 2002.Principles that underpin effective school? based drug education. Journal of Drug Education, 32(4)363? 386. McMurray, A. 2003. Community Health and Wellness (2nd edn). Elsevier Marrickville, NSW, Australia. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). 2001. Australian Alcohol Guidelines. Canberra, Australia. Available from http//www. nhmrc. gov. au/publications/synopses/ds9syn. htm (accessed May 2008). Nutbeam, D. 2005.What would the Ottawa Char ter look like if it were written today? Available from http//www. rhpeo. org/reviews/2005/19/index.htm (accessed March 2007). CONCLUSION The development of evidence informed practice in nursing includes using robust health promotion models and methods to address complex issues suchasalcoholmisuse.Thefiveactionareasofthe Ottawa Charter integrate the various perspectives on health promotion. Used collectively, t hey let off serve a useful function in directing the practice of nurses who work with young people, their families, and the community. REFERENCES Australian Government section of Health and Ageing, Ministerial Council on Drug outline. 2006. National Alcohol Strategy 2006? 2009.Canberra Commonwealth of Australia. Available from http//www. alcohol. gov. au/internet/alcohol/ publishing. nsf/Content/nas? 06? 09 (accessed May 2008). Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, National Expert Advisory Committee on Alcohol. 2001. Alcohol in Australia issues and strategies. A background paper to the National Alcohol Strategy A Plan for Action 2001 to 2003/04. Canberra Australia. Available from http//www. health. gov. au/ internet/drugstrategy/publishing. nsf/Content/00701CF3C77 7718CCA2571790008D615/$File/alcohol_strategy_back. pdf (accessed May 2008).Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2008. 2007 National DrugStrategyHouseholdSurveyfirstresults. DrugStatisticsSeries No 20, cat. no. PHE 98. AIHW Canberra, Australia. Available from http//www. aihw. gov. au/publications/index. cfm/title/10579 (accessed May 2008). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). 2006. Australias health 2006. AIHW cat. no. AUS73. Canberra, Australia. Available from http//www. aihw. gov. au/publications/index. cfm/ title/10321full_publication (accessed May 2008).Editor. 2008. Confronting the demon of under-age alcohol abuse. The Age, 12 March, p.16, Fairfax Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Foxcroft, D. , Ireland, D. , Lister? Sharp, D. , Lowe, G. , and Breen, R. 2003. Primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people, The Cochrane Library, Oxford UK. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 118 POINT OF VIEW Parliament of Victoria (Australia). Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee. 2004. Inquiry into Strategies to Reduce Harmful Alcohol Consumption. Discussion Paper. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Available from http//www. parliament. vic. gov. au/ dcpc/Reports/DCPC? DiscussionPaper_Alcohol_2004? 10? 21.pdf (accessed May 2008). Shanahan, P. and Hewitt, N. 1999. Developmental Research for a National Alcohol Campaign. Canberra Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Available from http//www. alcohol. gov. au/internet/alcohol/publishing. nsf/Cont ent/3E8AC9F060C5D877CA257261000EC925/$File/alcocamp. pdf (accessed May 2008). Talbot, L. and Verrinder, G. 2005. Promoting health the primary health care approach (3rd ed). Elsevier Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Toumbourou, J. , Duff, C. and Bamberg, J. 2003. Family intervention in the prevention of drug? related harm.Prevention Research Evaluation Repor t, 7, 1? 14. Available from http//www. druginfo. adf. org. au/downloads/Prevention_ Research_Quarterly/REP_No7_03Aug_Family_intervention. pdf (accessed May 2008). Toumbourou, J. , Moodie, R. , Eyre, J. and Harper, T. 2008. Set boundaries, set an example. The Age, 8 March, p. 5. Fairfax Melbourne, Victoria, Austra lia. Ward, B. , Snow, P. , Munro, G. , Graham, M. and Dickson? Swift, V. 2006. It starts with the parents and ends with the parents the attitudes, knowledge and practices of metropolitan parents in relation to teenage alcohol use.Australasian College of Road Safety Journal, 17(3)20? 28. White, V. and Hayman, J. 2006. Australian secondary school students use of alcohol in 2005. The Cancer Council and the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Available from http//www. health. gov. au/internet/drugstrategy/ publishing. nsf/Content/85D7B21B3E3A993ECA25722500077 55F/$File/mono58. pdf (accessed May 2008). World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. Global health promotion scaling up for 2015 a brief review of major impacts and developments over the past 20 years and challenges for 2015.Paper presented at the 6th Global Conference on Health Promotion, Bangkok, Thailand. Available from http//www. who. int/healthpromotion/conferences/6gchp/hpr_conference_ background. pdf (accesse d May 2008). World Health Organization 2005. WMA Statement on reducing the global impact of alcohol on health and society, World Medical Association, France. World Health Organization. 1986. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Available at http//www. who. int/hpr/NPH/docs/ ottawa_charter_hp. pdf (accessed May 2008). AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 119.