Contemporary Criminology Theories and the Changing Conditions of the Essay

Contemporary Criminology Theories and the Changing Conditions of the Post Modern Society - Essay Example Narrowing this concept down to the realm of criminology, Borowski quoted James Wilson has saying, â€Å"the only morally defensible and efficacious strategy for reducing crime is to attack its root cause (Borowski, 2). In the attempt to attack criminology from its root causes, scientist and philosophers, over time, have evolved countless theories, each theory seeking to better explain the logical causal reasoning behind crime and criminal motivation. Policies and programmes aimed at the reduction and prevention of crime have been, understandably, always based on one or more of these theories, with the utility of such policies and systems depending on the strength or weakness of such theories. This paper first reviews the concept and definitions of crime and criminology; it then examines some of the notable contemporary theories, Classicism, Individual Positivism, Law and Order Conservatism, Social Disorganization and Anomies/Strain theories. These theories selected to examine a broad theoretical perspective from individual to social theories and finally re-appraises the relevance of these theories and their compliance or otherwise with the conditions obtainable in a postmodern society. Criminology is an advanced theoretical field of study and should be differentiated from Criminal Justice, which focuses on the component of justice system such as courts, police and correction and/or rehabilitation facilities. Criminology embodies a wide array of theories and hypotheses seeking to explain the root cause(s) of criminal behaviours, the tendency towards and the pattern of criminal activities and also attempts a prognostic utility in the reduction and prevention of crime. Wikipedia online encyclopaedia describes criminology as a social phenomenon that includes the causes and consequences of crime, criminal behaviours as well as the development and effectiveness of policies and penal system. Criminology has a long history dating back to Lombroso; who is generally considered as the father of criminology, in the late nineteenth century. It has since become a separate field of study, completely divorcing itself from sociology, the parent social discipline. Over the years, criminology has developed its own method of thinking, analysis and hypotheses testing and has evolved theories that explain, in details, norms and values on which the society is based, what constitute crime and criminal behaviours against the society, and ideas, methods or policies that may be utilized in combating and reducing crime. Regardless of societal variance, each community or social group of people are guided by a set of established norms and belief system on which co-existence, mutual trust and family ties are based. Violation of these, in whatever form, constitute what is known as criminal behaviour. Crime may be seen from different perspectives, depending on the values of each society, crime against the individual or crime against the state. When the responsibility of dealing with crime, establishing guilt and appropriately punishing offenders is vested on the state authority, crime is seen as a violation of social order and thus an act against the state. But, when this responsibility is shared among every member of a community, criminal acts are therefore seen as offences against individuals, and the community, victim and offender inclusive, determines what appropriate sanctions the criminal act deserves. Nevertheless, what constitute

Case Study for Final Exam Essay Example for Free

Case Study for Final Exam Essay Green Cabs is an environmentally friendly taxi company in New Zealand which was founded in late 2007 by Callum Brown and three other partners. Green Cabs now operates a multi-million dollar business in three main centres of New Zealand – Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. The company is also contemplating expanding into other areas with its distinctive bright green taxis. Callum Brown is the primary inspiration behind Green Cabs. However, you could argue that Al Gore provided the initial spark for Callum to start thinking about being more environmentally conscious personally. Callum is in his 30s and has spent 10 years working in information technology for various government departments and private sector companies as a business analyst. He grew up close to nature and enjoyed activities such as surfing and tramping. All these things kept Callum close to nature. Despite his love affair with nature, Callum was quite sceptical of climate change. He explains: I thought – how can you tell that there is global warming when we’ve only been taking recordings on temperature for the past whatever, how many years. Hence, it could be seen as fairly surprising that Callum founded a green business! This personal awakening was a direct result of watching Al Gore’s documentary, An Inconvenient Truth. Little did he know at this stage that a major business opportunity would come from his new environmental consciousness. The impetus for the business idea came when Callum was at work. He travelled extensively for work and consequently found himself catching a lot of taxis. It was on one such overnight trip to Auckland that he became aware of the huge amount of carbon emissions he was generating through travel. He elaborates: I sat there watching all the taxis come and drop people off and thought about the emissions and everything they were producing; there’s got to be a better way than this. Why is there no eco-friendly option and that was the light bulb moment, and saying, ah, why not? Following this light bulb moment, Callum contacted a former colleague who was  also a taxi driver. Together the pair set about establishing an environmentally conscious taxi service with two other partners. They struck the New Zealand taxi industry at what they called a lucky time. The government had just tightened legislation to make it consistent for all operators. The Land and Transport Authority was supportive and helpful in making sure everything the emerging Green Cabs did was in line with the new legislation. The Authority too was excited by what Green Cabs was hoping to achieve. Once started, Green Cabs experienced rapid growth and within six months had approximately 85 cabs and self-employed drivers and employed 15 support staff (mostly in its 24-hour call centre). Callum never had aspirations to become an entrepreneur, nor any experience in business ownership, but his extensive work background as a business analyst made him feel he was well equipped to investigate whether the Green Cabs idea would be successful. In fact, prior to coming up with the business idea Callum felt afraid of the risk involved in having his own business. However, once he had the idea, these risks vanished: I was so passionate about Green Cabs, once I had the idea, there were no perceivable risks for me. That was how strong the drive was to do it . . . It’s like I’ve never doubted for a moment that Green Cabs was going to succeed. It has. Any concerns Callum had about risk were dissipated when he took on a number of business partners to share the risk. These business partners all understood and were sympathetic to the worsening state of the environment and to Callum’s vision for the company. Callum’s vision resulted in a company which entered the taxi industry with the goal of achieving much more than a traditional taxi firm. Green Cabs wanted to force change, to preserve the environment and inform the public about climate change. This meant a whole new way of thinking about business and the principles of the business founders were intertwined with the business model. Green Cabs offers the same basic service as any other taxi company. The key difference is that it is an environmentally conscious company. The main means of the company being environmentally friendly is that its vehicles are hybrids (Toyota Prius). There are substantially fewer ongoing running costs in providing the service. Green Cabs passes these savings onto consumers and is therefore able to offer considerably lower prices than its competitors. It already is forcing change in the taxi industry with many competitors rapidly switching to hybrids  because they can see they will save on emissions a nd fuel costs. The difference between these competitors and Green Cabs is that those changing due to lower running costs do not necessarily have environmental concerns at the forefront of their decision making as does Green Cabs. Indeed, sceptics could argue that the competition is switching because it is losing market share to Green Cabs and is attempting to imitate the service. Therefore, Green Cabs has been successful in changing behaviour in the industry to being more environmentally friendly, but this has come at a cost to the business, as Callum explains: I have had such an impact on the market that I had planned, that they (competitors) are now switching. Now, from an environmental point of view, it’s fantastic that I could have that impact, but from a business point of view it’s not good. However, competitors are still failing to offset their carbon emissions whereas Green Cabs prides itself on being carbon neutral. To achieve this Green Cabs drives only the Toyota Prius, the car it considers to be the best option for lessening the impact on the environment. The remainder of its carbon emissions are ‘paid for’ by providing funding for trees to be planted (predominantly in the developing world). Green Cabs donates to ‘Trees for the Future’, an organisation that has already organised the planting of 50 million trees, which retrieve approximately a million tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere annually (www.greencabs.co.nz). Green Cabs also ‘pays off’ its carbon debt prior to its accrual. That is, it calculates its future carbon footprint (down to the number of squares of toilet paper used) for the next year and funds the planting of sufficient trees to offset this before it emits the carbon. Although this is one of the key environmental strategies Green Cabs carries out, it actually is sceptical of buying carbon credits. This is because this carbon strategy essentially dispatches the problem to someone else; it does not help reduce the carbon in the atmosphere. As such, Green Cabs aims to both reduce carbon and offset before it accumulates. The business model of Green Cabs is based on the premise that the customer has a greater connection with the product or service. By using Green Cabs customers will feel part of a greater commitment to the environment and they will choose Green Cabs product over the competitors. As Callum notes, the  business model is win-win for both consumers and the environment: It is cheaper, it’s eco-friendly, it’s quieter, you’ve got a pleasant driver, we do a whole lot of feel good stuff as well. Give me a reason why you wouldn’t take a Green Cab. Green Cabs target market is the corporate sector and government departments. However, they pay tribute to the ‘grassroots’ support they have received. This is from people who have seen what Green Cabs are doing and even if their company has no agreement with Green Cabs, when they take a taxi they want it to be a Green Cab. Callum has also noted that younger people are more environmentally aware and appreciate the choice they are being offered in Green Cabs. One future development is for Green Cabs to install roof signs on their vehicles to promote the environment. These will not be advertising signs for businesses but to say something individuals can do for the environment. Green Cabs intend to use advertising space on their vehicles to promote the environment, not fizzy drinks or the like! FINDING BALANCE BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND PROFIT ‘For me anyway, it’s not just about turning a profit.’ – Callum Brown Finding a balance between profit and the environment can be a difficult one. To be successful in Callum’s view, you have to understand and have faith that doing things and sticking closely to the set of values that the company started with is what is going to bring success. Too much compromise for business then you will compromise the overall success of the business. The business might still be profitable but will not captivate the public into changing their behaviour regarding the environment. These environmental values are held firm by Green Cabs and are an underlying part of their distinctive business model. Callum elaborates: If we compromise on those values then that put us at risk of just being like any other taxi company out there and doesn’t set us apart. Following through on their commitment to the environment easy for Green Cabs and they suggest that other should look at the environment differently in their businesses. For example, Callum is frustrated by talk about how much it costs to offset carbon emissions. He suggests people fail to see that the whole process is a cost saving exercise. In becoming sustainable, businesses look at ways of reducing  electricity, travel and so forth. All of these areas can reduce a company’s carbon footprint while also reducing their overall costs. Their commitment to the environment is one side of the equation in Green Cab’s business model. The business must be sustainable and there are investors, franchisees and employees who expect returns from their input into the business. Callum is conscious of this need to make a profit, but he has some boundaries: I want to make some money but at the end of the day, I don’t even need a million dollars a year to live on . . . I really like my life in New Zealand, I like the things that I do and the things that I do don’t cost a lot of money. Callum has found that as the business has grown, more investors (such as potential franchisees) are becoming better aligned with his personal views on the environment. However, that is not necessarily the case for all employees of the company, as Callum notes: I have people working for me who don’t have necessarily the same value set. I mean they’ve got good values and wouldn’t be here if they didn’t but to the degree where mine are – no, they’re not anywhere near there. In April 2009, Green Cabs has grown to 16 employees and 104 drivers. The business has many opportunities to grow their business into other location and other services (e.g. courier services). As the business continues to grow Green Cabs are looking towards carbon neutral certification, and implementing ISO 14001 and 14064 certifications. The ongoing financial success of the company is also attracting more interest from other investors who are not necessarily focused primarily on the environment, but see Green Cabs as a solid investment opportunity.

Kashmir: Paradise Exposed To Hell :: essays research papers fc

Our group topic: â€Å"Causes and Effects of Wars† provoked me to write about the threatening dispute of â€Å"Jammu and Kashmir† which has become more threatening after the nuclear capabilities of India and Pakistan. My main claim revolves around the theme that the burning dispute of Kashmir, between India and Pakistan can play a vital role in the emergence of third world war and can act as battle-field for a nuclear war. Due to geographical and social impacts on the world these countries have realized some big nations to resolve the issue. South Asia, a land of deep historical and cultural representations has more than one billion population. Dominated by British colonization for nearly a century, this region contains a variety of imprints of British rule. South Asia is the region that holds evidences of one of the ancient civilization of the world. The unsettled conditions of the eighteenth century provided an opening for the European imperialism in this region. In 1957, British Empire took hold of the Indian sub-continent and South Asia was colonized by British Empire. In 1947, when British Empire surrendered control of the Indian sub-continent, the land was divided into two major parts. The Hindu majority area became the independent nation of India and Muslim majority area became the independent nation of Pakistan. Since then they have fought many wars and several battles that have affected the both nations as well as the neighboring countries. Now as both nations have gained the nuclear capabilities so they are predicted as the battleground for a possible nuclear war. â€Å" If one were to take to praise Kashmir, whole books would be written†¦Kashmir is a garden of eternal spring, or an iron fort to the palace of kings-a delightful flower-bed, and a heart expanding heritage for dervishes†(Danger In Kashmir 3). Kashmir, with its lush valley nestled among some of the world’s most spectacular mountains, was once one of the South Asia’s premier tourist destinations; now, however, it is a battle-scarred war zone. Kashmir is an area on the northern borders of India and Pakistan: officially known as Jammu & Kashmir. Kashmir is famous for its natural beauty and has often been referred to as the â€Å"Switzerland of the East†. â€Å"The population according to latest data exceeds than fourteen million inhabitants† (Diversity Amid Globalization 505). The heart of the area is the fertile Valley of Kashmir, which lies between the Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Kashmir: Paradise Exposed To Hell :: essays research papers fc Our group topic: â€Å"Causes and Effects of Wars† provoked me to write about the threatening dispute of â€Å"Jammu and Kashmir† which has become more threatening after the nuclear capabilities of India and Pakistan. My main claim revolves around the theme that the burning dispute of Kashmir, between India and Pakistan can play a vital role in the emergence of third world war and can act as battle-field for a nuclear war. Due to geographical and social impacts on the world these countries have realized some big nations to resolve the issue. South Asia, a land of deep historical and cultural representations has more than one billion population. Dominated by British colonization for nearly a century, this region contains a variety of imprints of British rule. South Asia is the region that holds evidences of one of the ancient civilization of the world. The unsettled conditions of the eighteenth century provided an opening for the European imperialism in this region. In 1957, British Empire took hold of the Indian sub-continent and South Asia was colonized by British Empire. In 1947, when British Empire surrendered control of the Indian sub-continent, the land was divided into two major parts. The Hindu majority area became the independent nation of India and Muslim majority area became the independent nation of Pakistan. Since then they have fought many wars and several battles that have affected the both nations as well as the neighboring countries. Now as both nations have gained the nuclear capabilities so they are predicted as the battleground for a possible nuclear war. â€Å" If one were to take to praise Kashmir, whole books would be written†¦Kashmir is a garden of eternal spring, or an iron fort to the palace of kings-a delightful flower-bed, and a heart expanding heritage for dervishes†(Danger In Kashmir 3). Kashmir, with its lush valley nestled among some of the world’s most spectacular mountains, was once one of the South Asia’s premier tourist destinations; now, however, it is a battle-scarred war zone. Kashmir is an area on the northern borders of India and Pakistan: officially known as Jammu & Kashmir. Kashmir is famous for its natural beauty and has often been referred to as the â€Å"Switzerland of the East†. â€Å"The population according to latest data exceeds than fourteen million inhabitants† (Diversity Amid Globalization 505). The heart of the area is the fertile Valley of Kashmir, which lies between the Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range.

Letting Go of Old Friends…

Village of Schaumburg Sex, Age, and Employment Demographics The village of Schaumburg is a large village located in  Cook County in Northeastern Illinois. The village is a northwestern suburb of Chicago and is part of the Golden Corridor. Schaumburg has the reputation of being the model community of Cook County. Schaumburg is located roughly 28 miles (45  km) northwest of the Chicago Loop  and approximately 10 miles (16  km) northwest of O’Hare International Airport. As of the 2011 community survey the Village of Schaumburg had a total population of 49. 0% of males and 50. 10% of females. It can be determined by the chart below that the populations of females in the village of Schaumburg make up approximately 37,160 while males come in at 37,038. These estimates were based on a total population of 74,198 people. For this paper the focus will remain on the population of males and females in two separate subgroups of 18years of age and over and 65 years of age and over. I will also discuss the emphasis that is associated with these age factors and the employment rate in Schaumburg.According to the 2011 American Community Survey for the village of Schaumburg, the total provisional population of males and females 18 years and over stood at 59,489. The percentage break down of the population of males 18 years and over has a percentage of 48. 10%, while the percentage for females 18 years and over consist of 51. 90%. In contrast, the percentage of males ages 65 years and over is 39. 20% while females 65 years and over maintains a percentage of 60. 80%.Based on the information provided it can be determined that the village of Schaumburg has an increased population of males and females over the ages of 18. My theory is that the Village of Schaumburg is heavily populated with younger adults due to the opportunity of jobs the village has to offer. Major corporations like Motorola, IBM, and Comcast hold company headquarters in the Village of Schaumburg. Wor king class adults are more willing to live in communities that are abundant with job opportunities.According to the economic characteristics for the Village of Schaumburg the overall employment status stood at 61,311. The breakdown of the populace in the work force outweighs the total number of unemployment citizens in the village. The percentage of employed citizens is right around 66. 30%, while the unemployed come in at a low 4. 90%. It is evident that the Village of Schaumburg maintains a steady employment rate due to the numerous employment options available in the area. I found the low 2011 unemployment rate in Schaumburg surprising, considering that the overall economies unemployment rate was at 8. %. Based on the information provided it can be determined that the Village of Schaumburg is a community that has a population that is heavily populated by young adults. The influx of adults can be contributed to the accessibility and variation of jobs in the area. Also, the notable changes that were brought about in the year 2000 with attractions such as Streets of Wood field, Game Works, and the Convention Center attributed to the increase of young adults and the working class citizens in the Village of Schaumburg.

Death by Chocolate Essay

How have the makers of Death by chocolate made their advertisement successful? Discuss the various techniques used and how they have been used. This is an analysis of the advertisement ‘death by chocolate’. It is an advert promoting a chocolate cake. The advertisement is rich in techniques which have been purposely included to tempt consumers to indulge themselves and give in to the temptation of the cake. Looking at both pages of the advertisement it seems that there is a concealed message which could possibly be summarized as, â€Å"go on, be a devil. † It is almost as if such devilish whisperings jump out at us. This message is communicated by the trident shaped fork in the hand of an ambiguous woman. Although we are given a motionless picture, there is an overwhelming sense of movement towards the cake. The makers have included this as one of the techniques of the advertisement so that the consumers feel that they are holding the fork. The visual imagery is designed to ‘bring the devil out in you. ‘ Although the chocolate cake is brown, it is laced with a devilish crimson colour which adds to the Satan theme. It is interesting in this context that the word ‘consumer’ is an old name for Satan which again is another technique used. It is clear that the makers of the advert have worked according to the principle that it is the visual impact of an advertisement that is most effective. Most of the second page is covered with a silky textured crimson colour on a white backdrop that mirrors the combination of the crimson streaked chocolate on a white plate. Red is the colour of the devil, but it is also the colour of danger, excitement and fury. White is the colour of virginity and the plentiful red suggests a loss of virginity. This technique is very effective as the contrast of the colours remind us of the ‘naughtiness’ inside us which drives us to indulge ourselves in this mouth-watering cake. The producers of this advert have also relied upon visual influence and the psychological imagery conjured up by the slogan and larger writing rather than the small text. The slogan, ‘it’s no angel cake’ is designed to reinforce the ‘evil’ theme. The clever remark on the word angel causes reader to dwell on this word and think about its meaning. Puns are always mentally stimulating and enjoyable, and it is as if the enjoyment gained from it is presented to the reader as a sample of the cake itself. In fact one gets the feeling that the designers have tried to make the whole advertisement ‘tasty’. The name of the advertisement itself, ‘Death by Chocolate’ is intended to be entertaining and comical. Although the word ‘death’ is used, the intention is not to bring to mind fear or anxiety, but in fact, the effect is far from gloomy. The reader is invited to ‘die’ and be wrapped up in the chocolate, or at least to be ‘dying to eat the chocolate. ‘ For those who are fully tempted by the advertisement and go on to reading the small text, there is much more in store. The text starts off on the, ‘naughty devil’ theme already developed by the visual imagery. The humour in the image of a vicar in The News of The World adds to the atmosphere of sheer ‘evil’. The use of brackets is another technique used which gives the reader the feeling that they are being told a secret, making them feel more involved with the text. This reinforces the effect of the use of the second person to make the reader feel personally addressed. The next part of the text tries to use words to convert the visual imagery of the pictures and colours into a sense ‘taste. ‘ Words such as ‘cakey-wakey’, ‘dark’, ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’ reinforce in the words which the readers have seen in picture, and the two together try to combine to bring the images to life. The French word, ‘mi lange’ produces an exotic feeling that appeals to the average person. The combination of the words ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’, which in this contexts maybe oxymoron’s gives a feeling of devilish menace. The words ‘lascivious’ develop the theme of being ‘naughty’ and gives verbal expression to the stark crimson on a virgin white background. Immediately after this we have a reference to ‘sensual’ pleasure. It seems that the makers of this advertisement are trying to sell a chocolate cake by appealing to peoples sexual desires which nowadays is a very popular technique used by producers. The sexual imagery is completed by the reference to Lolita at the end, who was a youthful twelve year old girl corrupted by an older man. In conclusion I think that the producers have been very successful in making this advertisement effective as a whole by creating strong visual imagery and reinforcing it with subtle but direct language. I feel that there is a clear and successful attempt to appeal to human weakness and carnal desire, which is arguably what makes this advertisement a successful one.

Healthcare Essay Tips on How to Craft Understandable Content

Healthcare Essay Tips on How to Craft Understandable Content Healthcare study topics are varied and focus on diverse areas of study concerning the maintenance of mental and physical health. Healthcare studies include topics in care provision and treatment, diagnosis, and preventive medical procedures. Consequently, healthcare studies include careers in the fields of pharmacy, medicine, dentistry, and healthcare administration. Writing an essay on healthcare is a daunting task for many students with limited understanding of different dynamics that characterize the healthcare field of study. Healthcare concerns all the issues related to maintenance of mental and physical health, and exploring the field helps students develop skills needed to begin careers in social care, health, and education. Healthcare is essential to individuals and the community in general. Its significance explains why lecturers require students to write essays on different areas of healthcare. The essay writing assignments help learners understand the dynamics of healthcar e, explore the area of study, appreciate its value to different stakeholders. When professors provide students with healthcare essays, they require students to explore and find answers to the questions like: What do you know about healthcare? Do you understand the dynamics and basics of healthcare? How well can you apply theoretical models to practical healthcare situations? Are you able to explore particular concepts in healthcare and make inferences? When preparing and writing your healthcare essay, it is important to keep the noted questions in mind. Moreover, ensure you have a suitable topic to write about. This guide will provide you with guidelines that help you select appropriate topics. Besides, it provides basic mechanics essential during the essay writing process. How to Choose Suitable Topics for Healthcare Essay: Fresh Ideas from Our Writers You could be lucky enough to have your professor select essay topics for you. However, this is not always the case as lecturers often ask students to come up with the topics on their own. If you fall in the latter category, consider the following options to acquire ideas of where or whom you can consult: Ask for guidance from your departmental tutor; Talk to the other students about possible topics of interests that can be explored; Explore the library of old essays; Read research journals, health care books, and healthcare magazines. Take into account the following key points when selecting the healthcare essay topics you’d like to write about. Essay requirements and interest. Take into account the essay requirements to explore whether the professor has specific needs that should be fulfilled. Regarding interest, choose essay topics that are interesting to you and match your understanding of the essay topic and your ability to explore it. In this case, ask yourself, â€Å"How much do I know about this topic?† It is important to carefully select a topic that you know something about. You should ask yourself the following questions before settling on a specific issue: What sparked my interest during my coursework? What have I heard or read that grabbed my attention? Topic reuse and analysis. Healthcare topics are interrelated, and it is quite OK to reuse a healthcare topic for which you had already written an essay. However, approach the reused topic with caution to ensure it is unique and has resource materials. In the analysis, examine whether the prospective topics are broad or narrow. Narrow topics are too specific while the broad ones do not provide focused areas of study or specific information. Open-mindedness and source availability. Even when the essay ideas are farfetched, consider each to come up with a viable essay topic in the field of healthcare. However, ensure the potential essay topics have sources from which you can retrieve information to prove the credibility of your content. The given key points should be considered before settling on a particular essay topic in healthcare. Additional hints include: Research essay topics around your area of interest to create a precise and limited topic; Avoid being excessively ambitious in the topic selection; Explore existing literature to identify a gap in modern knowledge; Consider focusing on a topic that is interesting to your lecturers; admittedly, it is beneficial to write about something that will engage them. Meanwhile, the following six essay sample topics provide an idea of some of the healthcare issues that can be explored in an essay. Since Its Inception, Cosmetic Surgery Has Been on the Rise. Why (Why not) It Should Be Covered by Insurance Policies? Is the Hybrid American Healthcare System Sustainable? The US Mental Health: The Major Forms Of Mental Health Issues Affecting Americans and Solutions to the Mental Health Problems; Disproportionately High Cost of Healthcare in the United States: What Solutions Can Be Used to Fix This Problem? The Constitutionality of the New Healthcare Reforms; The Spirituality Issues in the Field of Healthcare. Healthcare Essay Prewriting Tips to Get a Good Start At the beginning of the essay writing, taking time for prewriting is effective as it will put you on the right track to get meaningful essay content. Prewriting is the preliminary work that helps to construct a stellar essay and may include activities, such as visual mapping, freewriting, and considering the purpose of your writing and your intended audience. The purpose and audience analysis. Admittedly, your essay is written for a purpose. Whether you are required to write an informative, persuasive or argumentative essay, you intend to achieve a certain objective through it. In this case, explore the essay purpose to create a focus on issues that it should address. Second, your essay should target a particular audience. It is appropriate to ponder over who might read your healthcare essay, and how you can frame your content to fit their needs. For instance, if you are writing about mental health, your readers might be mental health patients, psychiatric professionals, hospital administrators, parents, students pursuing mental health studies and so on. Freewriting. Often, just the very beginning of the writing may provide you with the needed motivation to write an essay. Freewriting involves writing about the essay topic using complete sentences without censoring yourself. It is appropriate to free-write about various aspects of your topic, including issues in healthcare that interest you, questions you intend to find answers for or controversial issues that require justification. At this point, you should be open to all ideas even when you feel they may not become a part of the essay. Providing every point that crosses your mind may help you reach an essay breakthrough. Clustering. By the time you are done with freewriting, you will probably have numerous diverse and interconnected ideas. You need to filter the ideas through clustering to come up with viable issues that can open up your essay topic. Clustering is a technique that helps you to represent your act of thinking visually through interconnected links. The process involves starting a cluster by writing the chosen topic inside a circle in the center of the page, then branching off with other circles representing related ideas developed at the freewriting phase, and connecting them back to the topic using lines. The piece of paper should be filled with ideas related to your essay topic by the time you finish your cluster. You can now choose two to three ideas to develop for your healthcare essay. Outlining. Ideas developed at the clustering stage may be too broad for a single healthcare essay. However, you can narrow them down to the most important points by creating an outline for your essay introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. In this case, outline what points should be in your introduction, including a working thesis statement, ideas for each of the body paragraphs, and analysis of the points that require literature evidence and examples. Structuring Your Healthcare Essay Writing an essay means creating and designing a coherent set of ideas into an argument. Essays are essentially linear. Thus, they should offer one idea at a time, but in an order that is sensible to the writer and the reader. In this case, your essay should be structured in a way that attends not only to you but the readers’ logic as well. The focus of your healthcare essay should predict the essay structure and dictate the information your audience needs to know and the order in which they need to receive it. There are special guidelines that should be followed when constructing the essays. These guidelines include writing the introduction, the body, and the conclusion of the essay. Introduction. The introduction of your essay should be 10% of your essay at least. This section forms the beginning part of your healthcare essay, and it does the same job for an essay as the topic sentence does for the paragraphs. The introduction informs the readers about the essay topic and what is going to happen next. The three main parts of an introduction include an opening statement or a question, supporting sentences, and a thesis statement. The opening statement attracts the reader’s attention, often referred to as the ‘hook.’ Conversely, the supporting sentence links the opening statement to the thesis statement. The thesis statement states the objective and plan of the entire healthcare essay. In your introduction, ensure to: Explain how you interpret the topic and title of your essay; Articulate the issues you’re going to explore; Describe what your essay focus will be; Explain your argument and counter arguments if any. Main body. The body segment of an essay should occupy about 80% of your essay. It is the most important part of the paper because it presents the main arguments, justifications for these arguments and examples. Depending on the length of the essay, the body paragraphs should be more than one, and in most cases, more than two. Each of the body paragraphs should begin with a topic sentence and have information that links and supports the topic sentence and the thesis statement. In cases where the thesis statement has multiple assertions, ensure each body paragraph supports the assertions, mainly in the order you articulated them in the thesis. In this case, the topic sentence for the first body paragraph should explore the first assertion of the thesis statement. Subsequently, the topic sentence for the second body paragraph should refer to the second assertion of the thesis statement. Precisely, you need to use a chain of paragraphs that explore and develop the arguments mentioned in your thesis statement. You should explain the following to your readers: What each paragraph is about; Your argument on each idea; Your evidence to support your ideas and what the evidence means to the topic; How each body paragraph links to the essay title; How your body paragraph links to the topic in the succeeding paragraph. Conclusion. Most writers leave out the conclusion part of an essay. They leave all ideas scattered and with no particular summary of the major points. Similar to the introduction, your conclusion should occupy approximately 10% of your essay. The guiding rule in writing your conclusion is to never introduce any new content. Rather, summarize the major arguments of your essay just as you may have done it in the introduction part of the essay. You also need to restate your thesis statement and make inferences. In this case, articulate why the conclusion you make is important to the essay or significant to the field of healthcare studies in theory and practice. Post Writing Tips to Make Your Essay Flawless Once you are done with the healthcare essay writing, post writing is easy as it only involves proofreading needed to correct sentence, grammar, and paragraph errors. Moreover, ensure the essay format is appropriate, and the paper is free from plagiarism. Cite all outside sources that helped you justify your arguments.

Figures of Quantity. Figures of Quality. Figures of Contrast Essays

Figures of Quantity. Figures of Quality. Figures of Contrast Essays Figures of Quantity. Figures of Quality. Figures of Contrast Essay Figures of Quantity. Figures of Quality. Figures of Contrast Essay which is a case of metonymy, once original, but due to long use, no more accepted as a fresh SD. My brass will call your brass, says one of the characters of A. Haileys Airport to another, meaning My boss will call your boss. The transference of names is caused by both bosses being officers, wearing uniform caps with brass cockades. The scope of transference in metonymy is much more limited than that of metaphor, which is quite understandable: the scope of human imagination identifying two objects (phenomena, actions) on the grounds of commonness of one of their innumerable characteristics is boundless while actual relations between objects are more limited. : This is why metonymy, on the whole,- is a less frequently observed SD, than metaphor. Similar to singling out one particular type of metaphor into the self-contained SD of personification, one type of metonymy namely, the one, which is based on the relations between a part and the whole is often viewed independently as synecdoche. As a rule, metonymy is expressed by nouns (less frequently by substantivized numerals) and is used in syntactical functions characteristic of nouns (subject, object, predicative). Exercise II. Indicate metonymies, state the type of relations between the object named and the bject implied, which they represent, lso pay attention to the degree of their originality, and to their syntactical function: 1. He went about her room, after his introduction, looking at her pictures, her bronzes and clays, asking after the creator of this, the painter of that, where a third thing came from. (Dr. ) 2. She wanted to have a lot of children, and she was glad that things were that way, that the Church approved. Then the little girl died. Nancy broke with Rome the day her baby died. It was a secret break, but no Catholic breaks with Rome casually. (J. OH. 3. Evelyn Glasgow, get up out of that chair this minute. The girl looked up from her book. Whats the matter? Your satin. The skirtll be a mass of wrinkles in the back. (E. F. ) 4. Except for a lack of youth, the guests had no common theme, they seemed strangers among strangers; indeed, each face, on entering, had straggled to conceal dismay at seeing others there. (T. C. ) 5. She saw around her, clustered about the white tables, multitudes of violently red lips, powdered cheeks, cold, hard eyes, self-possessed arrogant faces, and insolent bosoms. (A. B. 6. Dinah, a slim, fresh, pale eighteen, was pliant and yet fragile. (?. ?. ) 7. The man looked a rather old forty-five, for he was already going grey. (K. P. ) 8. The delicatessen owner was a spry and jolly fifty. (T. R. ) 9. It was easier to ass ume a character without having to tell too many lies and you brought a fresh eye and mind to the job. (P. ) 10. Some remarkable pictures in this room, gentlemen. A Holbein, two Van Dycks and if I am not mistaken, a Velasquez. I am interested in pictures. (Ch. ) 11. You have nobody to blame but yourself. The saddest words of tongue or pen. (I. Sh. ) 12. For several days he took an hour after his work to make inquiry taking with him some examples of his pen and inks. (Dr. ) 13. There you are at your tricks again. The rest of them do earn their bread; you live on my charity. (E. Br. ) 14. I crossed a high toll bridge and negotiated a no mans land and came to the place where the Stars and Stripes stood shoulder to shoulder with the Union Jack. (J. St. ) 15. The praise was enthusiastic enough to have delighted any common writer who earns his living by his pen. S. M. ) 16. He made his way through the perfume and conversation. (I. Sh. ) 17. His mind was alert and people asked him to dinner not for old times sake, but because he was worth his salt. (S. M. ) 18. Up the Square, from the corner of King Street, passed a woman in a new bonnet with pink strings, and a new blue dress that sloped at the shoulders and grew to a vast circumference at the hem. Through the silent sunlit solitude of the Square this bonnet and this dress floated northwards in search of romance. (A. B. ) 19. Two men in uniforms were running heavily to the Administration building. As they ran, Christian saw them throw away their rifles. They were portly men who looked like advertisements for Munich beer, and running came hard to them. The first prisoner stopped and picked up one of the discarded rifles. He did not fire it, but carried it, as he chased the guards. He swung the rifle like a club, and one of the beer advertisements went down (I. Sh. ) Litotes is a two-component structure in which two negations are joined to give a positive evaluation. Thus not unkindly actually means kindly, though the positive effect is weakened and some lack of the speakers confidence in his statement is implied. The first component of a litotes is always the negative particle not, while the second, always negative in semantics, varies in form from a negatively affixed word (as above) to a negative phrase. Litotes is especially expressive when the semantic centre of the whole structure is stylistically or/and emotionally coloured, as in the case of the following occasional creations: Her face was not unhandsome  (A. H. ) or Her face was not unpretty. K. K. ) The function of litotes has much in common with that of understatement both weaken the effect of the utterance. The uniqueness of litotes lies in its specific double negative structure and in its weakening only the positive evaluation. The Russian term corresponds only to the English understatement as it has no structural or semantic limitations. Exercise IV. Analyse the structure, the semantics and the functions oflitotes: 1. To be a good actress, she must always work for the truth in what shes playing, the man said in a voice not empty of self-love. N. M. ) 2. Yeah, what the hell, Anne said and looking at me, gave that not unsour smile. (R. W. ) 3. It was not unnatural if Gilbert felt a certain embarrassment. (E. W. ) 4. The idea was not totally erroneous. The thought did not displease me. (I. M. ) 5. I was quiet, but not uncommunicative; reserved, but not reclusive; energetic at times, but seldom enthusiastic. (Jn. B. ) 6. He had all the confidence in the world, and not without reason. (J. OH. ) 7. Kirsten said not without dignity: Too much talking is unwise. (Ch. ) 8. No, Ive had a profession and then a firm to cherish, said Ravenstreet, not without bitterness. (P. ) 9. I felt I wouldnt say no to a cup of tea. (K. M. ) 10. I wouldnt say no to going to the movies. (E. W. ) 11. I dont think youve been too miserable, my dear. (P. ) 12. Still two weeks of succes s is definitely not nothing and phone calls were coming in from agents for a week. (Ph. R. ) ASSIGNMENTS FOR SELF-CONTROL 1. What is a litotes? 2. What is there in common between litotes and understatement? 3. Describe most frequently used structures of litotes. Periphrasis is a very peculiar stylistic device which basically consists of using a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler one, i. e. of using a more or less complicated syntactical structure instead of a word. Depending on the mechanism of this substitution, periphrases are classified into figurative (metonymic and metaphoric), and logical. The first group is made, in fact, of phrase-metonymies and phrase-metaphors, as you may well see from the following example: The hospital was crowded with the surgically interesting products of the fighting in Africa (I. Sh. ) where the extended metonymy stands for the wounded. Logical periphrases are phrases synonymic with the words which were substituted by periphrases: Mr. Du Pont was dressed in the conventional disguise with which Brooks Brothers cover the shame of American millionaires. (M. St. ) The conventional disguise stands here for the suit and the shame of American millionaires - for the paunch (the belly). Because the direct nomination of the not too elegant feature of appearance was substituted by a roundabout description this periphrasis may be also considered euphemistic, as it offers a more polite qualification instead of a coarser one. The main function of periphrases is to convey a purely individual perception of the described object. To achieve it the generally accepted nomination of the object is replaced by the description of one of its features or qualities, which seems to the author most important for the characteristic of the object, and which thus becomes foregrounded. The often repeated periphrases become trite and serve as universally accepted periphrastic synonyms: the gentle / soft / weak sex (women); my better half (my spouse); minions of Law (police), etc. Exercise V. Analyse the given periphrases from the viewpoint of their semantic type, structure, function and originality: 1. Gargantuan soldier named Dahoud picked Ploy by the head and scrutinized this convulsion of dungarees and despair whose feet thrashed a yard above the deck. (Th. P. ) 2. His face was red, the back of his neck overflowed his collar and there had recently been published a second edition of his chin. (P. G. W. ) 3. His huge leather chairs were kind to the femurs. (R. W. ) 4. But Pickwick, gentlemen, Pickwick, this ruthless destroyer of . this domestic oasis in the desert of Goswell street! (D. ) 5. He would make some money and then he would come back and marry his dream from Blackwood. (Dr. ) 6. The villages were full of women who did nothing but fight against dirt and hunger and repair the effects of friction on clothes. (A. B. ) 7. The habit of saluting the dawn with a bend of the elbow was a hangover from college fraternity days. (Jn. B. ) 8. I took my obedient feet away fr om him. (W. G. ) 9. I got away on my hot adolescent feet as quickly as I could. (W. G. ) 10. I am thinking an unmentionable thing about your mother. (I. Sh. ) 11. Jean nodded without turning and slid between two vermilion-coloured buses so that two drivers simultaneously used the same qualitative word. (G. ) 12. During the previous winter I had become rather seriously ill with one of those carefully named difficulties which are the whispers of approaching age. (J. St. ) 13. A child had appeared among the palms, about a hundred yards along the beach. He was a boy of perhaps six years, sturdy and fair, his clothes torn, his face covered with a sticky mess of fruit. His trousers had been lowered for an obvious purpose and had only een pulled back half-way. (W. G. ) 14. When I saw him again, there were silver dollars weighting down his eyes. (T. C. ) 15. She was still fat after childbirth; the destroyer of her figure sat at the head of the table. (A. B. ) 16. I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War. (Sc. F. ) 17. Did you see anything in Mr. Pickwicks manner and conduct towards the opposite sex to induce you to beli eve all this? (D. ) 18. Bill went with him and they returned with a tray of glasses, siphons and other necessaries of life. (Ch. ) 19. It was the American, whom later we were to learn to know and love as the Gin Bottle King, because of a great feast of arms performed at an early hour in the morning with a container of Mr. Gordons celebrated product as his sole weapon. (H. ) 20. Jane set her bathing-suited self to washing the lunch dishes. (Jn. B. ) 21. Naturally, I jumped out of the tub, and before I had thought twice, ran out into the living room in my birthday suit. (?. ?. ) 22. For a single instant, Birch was helpless, his blood curdling in his veins at the imminence of the danger, and his legs refusing their natural and necessary office. T. C. ) 23. The apes gathered around him and he wilted under the scrutiny of the eyes of his little cousins twice removed. (An. C. ) Hyperbole a stylistic device in which emphasis is achieved through deliberate exaggeration, like epithet, relies on the foregrounding of the emotive meaning. The feelings and emotions of the speaker are so raffled that he resorts in his speech to intensifying the quantitative or the qualitative aspect of the mentioned object. E. g. : In his famous poem To His Coy Mistress Andrew Marvell writes about love: My vegetable love should grow faster than empires. Hyperbole is one of the most common expressive means of our everyday speech. When we describe our admiration or anger and say I would gladly see this film a hundred times, or I have told it to you a thousand times we use trite language hyperboles which, through long and repeated use, have lost their originality and remained signals of the speakers roused emotions. Hyperbole may be the final effect of another SD metaphor, simile, irony, as we have in the cases He has the tread of a rhinoceros or The man was like the Rock of Gibraltar. Hyperbole can be expressed by all notional parts of speech. There are words though, which are used in this SD more often than others. They are such pronouns as all, every, everybody and the like. Cf. : Calpurnia was all angles and bones (H. L. ); also numerical nouns (a million, a thousand), as was shown above; and adverbs of time (ever, never). The outstanding Russian philologist A. Peshkovsky once stressed the importance of both communicants clearly perceiving that the exaggeration, used by one of them is intended as such and serves not to denote actual quality or quantity but signals the emotional background of the utterance. If this reciprocal understanding of the intentional nature of the overstatement is absent, hyperbole turns into a mere lie, he said. Hyperbole is aimed at exaggerating quantity or quality. When it is directed the opposite way, when the size, shape, dimensions, characteristic features of the object are hot overrated, but intentionally underrated, we deal with understatement. The mechanism of its creation and functioning is identical with that of hyperbole, and it does not signify the actual state of affairs in reality, but presents the latter through the emotionally coloured perception and rendering of the speaker. It is not the actual diminishing or growing of the object that is conveyed by a hyperbole or understatement. It is a transient subjective impression that finds its realization in these SDs. They differ only in the direction of the flow of roused emotions. English is well known for its preference for understatement in everyday speech I am rather annoyed instead of Im infuriated, The wind is rather strong instead of Theres a gale blowing outside are typical of British polite speech, but are less characteristic of American English. Some hyperboles and understatements (both used individually and as the final effect of some other SD) have become fixed, as we have in Snow White, or Liliput, or Gargantua. Trite hyperboles and understatements, reflecting their use in everyday speech, in creative writing are observed mainly in dialogue, while the authors speech provides us with examples of original SDs, often rather extended or demanding a considerable fragment of the text to be fully understood. Exercise VII. In the following examples concentrate on cases of hyperbole and understatement. Pay attention to their originality or stateness, to other SDs promoting their effect, to exact words containing the foregrounded emotive meaning: 1. I was scared to death when he entered the room. (S. ) 2. The girls were dressed to kill. (J. Br. ) 3. Newspapers are the organs of individual men who have jockeyed themselves to be party leaders, in countries where a new party is born every hour over a glass of beer in the nearest cafe. (J. R. ) 4. I was violently sympathetic, as usual. (Jn. B. ) 5. Four loudspeakers attached to the flagpole emitted a shattering roar of what Benjamin could hardly call music, as if it were played by a collection of brass bands, a few hundred fire engines, a thousand blacksmiths hammers and the amplified reproduction of a force-twelve wind. (A. S. ) 6. The car which picked me up on that particular guilty evening was a Cadillac limousine about seventy-three blocks long. (J. B. ) 7. Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old. (Sc. F. ) 8. He didnt appear like the same man; then he was all milk and honey now he was all starch and vinegar. (D. ) 9. She was a giant of a woman. Her bulging figure was encased in a green crepe dress and her feet overflowed in red shoes. She carried a mammoth red pocketbook that bulged throughout as if it were stuffed with rocks. (Fl. OC. ) 10. She was very much upset by the catastrophe that had befallen the Bishops, but it was exciting, and she was tickled to death to have someone fresh to whom she could tell all about it. (S. M. ) 11. Babbitts preparations for leaving the office to its feeble self during the hour and a half of his lunch-period were somewhat less elaborate than the plans for a general European War. S. M. ) 12. The little woman, for she was of pocket size, crossed her hands solemnly on her middle. (G. ) 13. We danced on the handkerchief-big space between the speakeasy tables. (R. W. ) 14. She wore a pink hat, the size of a button. (J. R. ) 15. She was a sparrow of a woman. (Ph. L. ) 16. And if either of us should lean toward the other, even a fraction of an inch, the balance would b e upset. (O. W. ) 17. He smiled back, breathing a memory of gin at me. (W. G. ) 18. About a very small man in he Navy: this new sailor stood five feet nothing in sea boots. (Th. P. ) 19. She busted herself in her midget kitchen. (T. C. ) 20. The rain had thickened, fish could have swum through the air. (T. C. ) Oxymoron is a stylistic device the syntactic and semantic structures of which come to clashes. In Shakespearian definitions of love, much quoted from his Romeo and Juliet, perfectly correct syntactically, attributive combinations present a strong semantic discrepancy between their members. Cf. : O brawling love! ? loving hate! heavy lightness! Serious vanity! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health! As is clearly seen from this string of oxymorons, each one of them is a combination of two semantically contradictory notions, that help to emphasize contradictory qualities simultaneously existing in the described phenomenon as a dialectical unity. As a rule, one o f the two members of oxymoron illuminates the feature which is universally observed and acknowledged while the other one offers a purely subjective, individual perception of the object. Thus in an oxymoron we also deal with the foregrounding of emotive meaning, only of a different type than the one observed in previously discussed SDs. The most widely known structure of oxymoron is attributive, so it is easy to believe that the subjective part of the oxymoron is embodied in the attribute-epithet, especially because the latter also proceeds from the foregrounding of the emotive meaning. But there are also others, in which verbs are employed. Such verbal structures as to shout mutely (I. Sh. ) or to cry silently (M. W. seem to strengthen the idea, which leads to the conclusion that oxymoron is a specific type of epithet. But the peculiarity of an oxymoron lies in the fact that the speakers (writers) subjective view can be expressed through either of the members of the word combination. Originality and specificity of oxymoron becomes especially evident in non-attributive structures which also, not infrequently, are used to express semantic contradiction, as in the stre e damaged by improvements (O. H. ) or silence was louder than thunder (U. ). Oxymorons rarely become trite, for their components, linked forcibly, repulse each other and oppose repeated use. There are few colloquial oxymorons, all of them showing a high degree of the speakers emotional involvement in the situation, as in damn nice, awfully pretty. Exercise VIII. In the following sentences pay attention to the structure and semantics of oxymorons. Also indicate which of their members conveys the individually viewed feature of the object and which one reflects its generally accepted characteristic: 1. He caught a ride home to the crowded loneliness of the barracks. J. ) 2. Sprinting towards the elevator he felt amazed at his own cowardly courage. (G. M. ) 3. They were a bloody miserable lot the miserablest lot of men I ever saw. But they were good to me. Bloody good. (J. St. ) 4. He behaved pretty busily to Jan. (D. C. ) 5. Well might he perceive the hanging of her hair in fairest quantity in locks, some curled and some as if it were forgotten, with such a car eless care and an art so hiding art that it seemed she would lay them for a pattern. (Ph. S. ) 6. There were some bookcases of superbly unreadable books. (E. W. 7. Absorbed as we were in the pleasures of travel and I in my modest pride at being the only examinee to cause a commotion we were over the old Bridge. (W. G. ) 8. Heaven must be the hell of a place. Nothing but repentant sinners up there, isnt it? (Sh. D. ) 9. Harriet turned back across the dim garden. The lightless light looked down from the night sky. (I. M. ) 10. Sara was a menace and a tonic, my best enemy; Rozzie was a disease, my worst friend. (J. Car. ) 11. It was an open secret that Ray had been ripping his father-in-law off. (D. U. ) 12. A neon sign reads Welcome to Reno the biggest little town in the world. (A. M. ) 13. Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield are Good Bad Boys of American literature. (V. ) 14. Havent we here the young middle-aged woman who cannot quite compete with the paid models in the fashion magazine but who yet catches our eye? (Jn. H. ) 15. Their bitter-sweet union did not last long. (A. C. ) 16. He was sure the whites could detect his adoring hatred of them. (Wr. ) 17. You have got two beautiful bad examples for parents. (Sc. F. ) 18. He opened up a wooden garage. The doors creaked. The garage was full of nothing. (R. Ch. ) 19. She was a damned nice woman, too. (H. ) 20. A very likeable young man with a pleasantly ugly face. (A. C. ) In all previously discussed lexical SDs we dealt with various transformations of the logical (denotational) meaning of words, which participated in the creation of metaphors, metonymies, puns, zeugmas, etc. Each of the SDs added expressiveness and originality to the nomination of the object. Evaluation of the named concept was often present too, but it was an optional characteristic, not inherent in any of these SDs. Their subjectivity relies on the new and fresh look at the object mentioned, which shows the latter from a new and unexpected side. In irony, which is our next item of consideration, subjectivity lies in the evaluation of the phenomenon named. The essence of this SD consists in the foregrounding not of the logical but of the evaluative meaning. The context is arranged so that the qualifying word in irony reverses the direction of the evaluation, and the word positively charged is understood as a negative qualification and (much-much rarer) vice versa. Irony thus is a stylistic device in which the contextual evaluative meaning of a word is directly opposite to its dictionary meaning, So, like all other SDs, irony does not exist outside the context, which varies from the minimal a word combination, as in J. Steinbecks She turned with the sweet smile of an alligator, to the context of a whole book, as in Ch: Dickens, where one of the remarks of Mr. Micawber, known for his complex, highly bookish and elaborate style of speaking about the most trivial things, is introduced by the authors words Mr. Micawber said in his usual plain manner. In both examples the words sweet and plain reverse their positive meaning into the negative one due to the context, micro- in the first, macro- in the second case. In the stylistic device of irony it is always possible to indicate the exact word whose contextual meaning diametrically opposes its dictionary meaning. This is why this type of irony is called verbal irony. There are very many cases, though, which we regard as irony, intuitively feeling the reversal of the evaluation, but unable to put our finger on the exact word in whose meaning we can trace the contradiction between the said and the implied. The effect of irony in such cases is created by a number of statements, by the whole of the text. This type of irony is called sustained, and it is formed by the contradiction of the speakers (writers) considerations and the generally accepted moral and ethical codes. Many examples of sustained irony are supplied by D. Defoe, J. Swift or by such XX-ieth c. writers as S. Lewis, K. Vonnegut, E. Waugh and others. Exercise IV. In the following excerpts you will find mainly examples of verbal irony. Explain what conditions made the realization of the opposite evaluation possible. Pay attention to the part of speech which is used in irony, also its syntactical function: 1. The book was entitled Murder at Milbury Manor and was a whodunit of the more abstruse type, in which everything turns on whether a certain character, by catching the three-forty-three train at Hilbury and changing into the four-sixteen at Milbury, could have reached Silbury by five-twenty-seven, which would have given him just time to disguise himself and be sticking knives into people at Bilbury by six-thirty-eight. (P. G. W. ) 2. When the, war broke out she took down the signed photograph of the Kaiser and, with some solemnity, hung it in the men-servants lavatory; it was her one combative action. (E. W. ) 3. I had a plot, a scheme, a little quiet piece of enjoyment afoot, of which the very cream and essence was that this old man and grandchild should be as poor as frozen rats, and Mr. Brass revealed the whole story, making himself out to be rather a saintlike holy character. (D. ) 4. The lift held two people and rose slowly, groaning with diffidence. (I. M. ) 5. England has been in a dreadful state for some weeks. Lord Coodle would go out. Sir Thomas Doodle wouldnt come in, and there being nobody in Great Britain (to speak of) except Coodle and Doodle, there has been no Government (D. ) 6. From her earliest infancy Gertrude was brought up by her aunt. Her aunt had carefully instructed her to Christian principles. She had also taught her Mohammedanism, to make sure. (L. ) 7. Shes a charming middle-aged lady with a face like a bucket of mud and if she has washed her hair since Coolidges second term, Ill eat my spare tire, rim and all. R. Ch. ) 8. With all the expressiveness of a stone Welsh stared at him another twenty seconds apparently hoping to see him gag. (R. Ch. ) 9. Well. Its shaping up into a lovely evening, isnt it? Great, he said. And if I may say so, youre doing everything to make it harder, you little sweet. (D. P. ) 10. Mr. Vholes is a very respectable man. He has not a large business, but he is a very respectable man. He is all owed, by the greater attorneys to be a most respectable man. He never misses a chance in his practice which is a mark of respectability, he never takes any pleasure, which is another mark of respectability, he is reserved and serious which is another mark of respectability. His digestion is impaired which is highly respectable. (D. ) 11. Several months ago a magazine named Playboy which concentrates editorially on girls, books, girls, art, girls, music, fashion, girls and girls, published an article about old-time science-fiction. (M. St. ) 12. Apart from splits based on politics, racial, religious and ethnic backgrounds and specific personality differences, were just one cohesive team. (D. U. ) 13. A local busybody, unable to contain her curiosity any longer, asked an expectant mother point-blank whether she was going to have a baby. Oh, goodness, no, the young woman said pleasantly. Im just carrying this for a friend. (P. G. W. ) 14. Sonny Grosso was a worrier who looked for and frequently managed to find, the dark side of most situations. (P. M. ) 15. Bookcases covering one wall boasted a half-shelf of literature. T. C. ) 16. I had been admitted as a partner in the firm of Andrews and Bishop, and throughout 1927 and 19281 enriched myself and the firm at the rate of perhaps forty dollars a month. (Jn. B. ) 17. Last time it was a nice, simple, European-style war. (I. Sh. ) 18. He could walk and run, was full of exact knowledge about God, and entertained no doubt concerning the special partiality of a minor deity called Je sus towards himself. (A. B. ) 19. But every Englishman is born with a certain miraculous power that makes him master of the world. As the great champion of freedom and nationalindependence he conquers and annexes half the world and calls it Colonization. (B. Sh. ) 20. All this blood and fire business tonight was probably part of the graft to get the Socialists chucked out and leave honest businessmen safe to make their fortunes out of murder. (L. Ch) 21. He spent two years in prison, making a number of valuable contacts among other upstanding embezzlers, frauds and confidence men whilst inside. (An. C. ) Antithesis is a good example of them: syntactically, antithesis is just another case of parallel constructions. But unlike parallelism, which is indifferent to the semantics of its components, the two parts of an antithesis must be semantically opposite to each other, as in the sad maxim of O. Wilde: Some people have much to live on, and little to live for, where much and little present a pair of antonyms, supported by the contextual opposition of postpositions on and for. Another example: If we dont know who gains by his death we do know who loses by it. (Ch. ) Here, too, we have the leading antonymous pair gam lose and the supporting one, made stronger by the emphatic form of the affirmative construction dont know / do know. Antithesis as a semantic opposition emphasized by its realization in similar structures, is often observed on lower levels of language hierarchy, especially on the morphemic level where two antonymous affixes create a powerful effect of contrast: Their pre-money wives did not go together with their post-money daughters.   (H. ) The main function of antithesis is to stress the heterogeneity of the described phenomenon, to show that the latter is a dialectical unity of two (or more) opposing features. Exercise I. Discuss the semantic centres and structural peculiarities of antithesis: 1. Mrs. Nork had a large home and a small husband. (S. L. ) 2. In marriage the upkeep of woman is often the downfall of man. (Ev. ) 3. Dont use big words. They mean so little. (O. W. ) 4. I like big parties. Theyre so intimate. At small parties there isnt any privacy. (Sc. F. ) 5. There is Mr. Guppy, who was at first as open as the sun at noon, but who suddenly shut up as close as midnight. (D. ) 6. Such a scene as there was when Kit came in! Such a confusion of tongues, before the circumstances were related and the proofs disclosed! Such a dead silence when all was told! (D. ) 7. Rup wished he could be swift, accurate, compassionate and stern instead of clumsy and vague and sentimental. (I. M. ) 8. His coat-sleeves being a great deal too long, and his trousers a great deal too short, he appeared ill at ease in his clothes. (D. ) 9. There was something eery about the apartment house, an unearthly quiet that was a combination of overcarpeting and underoccupancy. (H. St. ) 10. It is safer to be married to the man you can be happy with than to the man you cannot be happy without. (E. ) 11. Then came running down stairs a gentleman with whiskers, out of breath. (D. 12. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way in short the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. D. ) 13. Cannery Row in Monterey in California is a poem, a stink, a grating noise, a quality of light, a tone, a habit, a nostalgia, a dream. Cannery Row is the gathered and scattered, tin and iron, and rust and splintered wood, chipped pavement and weedy lots and junk heaps, sardine canneries of corrugated iron, honky tonks, restaurants and whore houses and little crowded groceries and laboratories and flophouses. Its inhabitants are, as the man once said Whores, pimps, gamblers and sons of bitches, by which he meant Everybody. Had the man looked through another peephole he might have said Saints and angels and martyrs and holy men and he would have meant the same thing. (J. St. )

What to Do in Budapest 11 Top Attractions

What to Do in Budapest 11 Top Attractions SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the rising stars in European tourism, Budapest’s charms and sights are gaining popularity worldwide. Gone are the days when the Hungarian capital was widely thought of as a drab administrative city, filled only with aging Communist-era buildings. These days, Budapest tourism is rapidly growing and savvy visitors know that it's one of Europe’s great cities with diverse architecture, unique cultural experiences, and some of the most inventive nightlife on the continent. Are you wondering what to do in Budapest? Follow this guide to immerse yourself in Budapest’s history, traditions, and culture. By visiting the Budapest attractions listed below, you’ll find yourself relaxing in opulent thermal baths, paying your respects at moving WWII memorials, admiring the largest Parliament in Europe, and drinking a new cocktail in the gardens of a formerly abandoned warehouse. This list of 11 things to do in Budapest is organized into four groups, based on the location of the sites: Castle Hill, City Park, Parliament and Around, and Central Pest. This organization lets you visit sites near each other, instead of spending your trip running from one end of town to the other. Many people choose to stay in downtown Pest because it has the most accommodation options, but Budapest has a great subway system to help you get from one area to another. You can buy individual subway tickets, day passes, or multi-day passes. I'd recommend that you spend at least a half-day to a full day in each area, and, if you choose to stay longer, you’ll find Budapest has enough activities to fill any itinerary. The Top 11 Places to Visit in Budapest Check out this map of the best things to do in Budapest and then read more about each below. This map can also be viewed online. Castle Hill - Red Matthias Church Fisherman’s Bastion Buda Castle City Park - Blue Szà ©chenyi Bath Vajdahunyad Castle Heroes’ Square Parliament and Around - Purple Hungarian Parliament Building Shoes on the Danube Monument Central Pest - Green Hungarian State Opera House Ruin Pubs Great Synagogue Castle Hill Attractions You can find some of the most famous- and stunning- things to see in Budapest in the Castle Hill area, including gorgeous architecture and historically important sites. Matthias Church Matthias Church is one of the top Budapest attractions, and it’s a center point of Castle Hill. Built in the late 13th century, Matthias Church was the first parish church in Budapest, and it has remained an important symbol of the city. During its long history, Matthias Church hosted multiple royal coronations, was damaged by cannon fire, and spent over 100 years as a Mosque while the city was under Ottoman rule. Even if you feel like you’ve seen enough European churches to last a lifetime, stop for a look at Matthias Church. It doesn’t have the soaring grandeur of larger churches like Notre Dame and Milan’s Duomo, but its unique colors and design make it one of the most pleasant churches in Europe to view. The church was extensively restored in the 1900s, and today it’s popular with tourists who come to see and photograph the Gothic architecture, stained glass windows, and vibrant diamond-patterned roof tiles. The church is also home to the Ecclesiastical Art Museum. The museum (which charges a small fee) begins in the church’s medieval crypt and continues to the chapel. While touring the museum, visitors can view the tombs of 10th century rulers King Bà ©la III and his wife Agnes, replicas of the royal Hungarian jewels, and assorted other jewels and religious objects. Fisherman’s Bastion One of the most unusual sights in Budapest, Fisherman’s Bastion is an elegant, neo-Gothic terrace overlooking the Danube. The site was named for a group of fisherman who defended the city from invasion during the Middle Ages. Walking under gleaming white arches and along staircases and terraces, visitors get sweeping views of the Danube, including a birds-eye view of Parliament. The seven turrets of Fisherman’s Bastion represent the seven Magyar tribe leaders who are regarded as the founders of modern-day Hungary. It may not seem like there’s much to do at Fisherman’s Bastion since the site is little more than an attractive lookout, but many tourists spend far longer than they planned here, strolling from one end of the terrace to the other and taking rolls of photos. When visiting Castle Hill, make Fisherman’s Bastion your first stop (easy to do since it’s very close to public transportation stops). The weather in Budapest can be fickle, and there are times when the terrace and its views are enveloped by fog. It usually clears later in the day, so check back periodically if the weather isn’t cooperating when you first stop by. Fisherman’s Bastion is located next to Matthias Church, and together these two sites make up one the best places to visit in Budapest. Here you can walk along cobblestone streets, look at historic buildings, and grab lunch in one of the numerous traditional cafà ©s that line the streets. Buda Castle Rising up from the southern end of Castle Hill is the imposing, sprawling structure of Buda Castle. The first castle on this site was completed in 1265, and the castle continued to be expanded and rebuilt throughout the centuries. Buda Castle has been a royal residence for generations of Hungarian rulers, besieged by Ottoman armies, taken over by the Habsburgs, occupied by Nazis during WWII, and designated as a World Heritage Site in 1987. Today, the grounds are adorned with numerous statues and gardens, which visitors can admire while walking around the castle. Within the castle are a trio of museums and institutions: the Budapest History Museum, the Hungarian National Gallery, and the National Szà ©chà ©nyi Library (the museum and gallery both require tickets, but the library is free to visit). Each site is well worth a visit, focusing on the history of the city, Hungarian art, and a collection of rare books and paper, respectively. If you can only visit one museum (visiting all three can make for a long day), my pick is the Budapest History Museum. Far more than a dry collection of artifacts, this museum spans three floors and includes such varied exhibits as recreations of opulent rooms as they looked when used by royals, paintings by Hungarian Masters, and excavated rooms of the medieval castle in the basement. There are no cars allowed on Castle Hill unless you live or work in the area, and the lack of noise and traffic contributes to the feeling that you’ve stepped into the past and are far removed from the bustle of the city down below. City Park Attractions City Park is a large public park that includes some of Budapest's best attractions. Szà ©chenyi Bath Visiting the city's famed baths is one of the top things to do in Budapest. Budapest’s abundant thermal waters means there are numerous baths to choose from, but, in terms of history and enjoyability, Szà ©chenyi Bath is far and away your best option. As the largest thermal bath in Europe, Szà ©chenyi Bath is one of Budapest’s iconic sites. When it was built in 1913, the architecture followed the Neo-baroque style popular at the time, and it’s easy to feel like you’re wading through the private pool of a royal palace as you move between the bath’s 18 different pools. When you arrive, you’ll be given a waterproof key card to a personal closet-sized locker, where you can change into your swimsuit (required) and store your belongings while you’re in the baths. There are both indoor and outdoor pools to choose between in Szà ©chenyi. While the indoor pools have a wider variety of temperatures, as well as saunas and steam rooms, most people prefer the outdoor baths because they are typically brighter and cleaner, and they let you enjoy the cheery, slightly aged exterior of the baths. Szà ©chenyi is popular with tourists, and there will likely be a number of people soaking alongside you, but it remains an institution for Budapest locals. They come here to relax after work, socialize, and play a game of chess on one of the waterproof boards in the baths. At Szà ©chenyi, you can also purchase additional services, such as massages. Ticket prices vary depending on the time of day you visit and if you want a cabin or locker, but expect to pay about 5000 Florin (about $18 USD). Massages are an additional 5000-35000 Florin. The thermal waters keep temperatures warm year-round at Szà ©chenyi, so both the indoor and outdoor baths remain open in winter. Vajdahunyad Castle Vajdahunyad Castle is located close to the Szà ©chenyi Baths within City Park, but many people breeze past this tucked away corner of town without pausing to explore. Vajdahunyad can’t compare to Buda Castle’s immense size or history, but this attractive and somewhat mysterious castle earns major points for charm. The castle was originally built in 1896 as a temporary structure of cardboard and wood to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin. However, Budapest’s citizens were so taken with it that the present structure, made of stone and painted in muted blues, purples, and oranges, was soon constructed. Set back amongst trees and gardens, the castle’s shadowy exterior reveals features from numerous architectural styles that showcase the variety and evolution of architecture in Budapest. Additional touches to the castle include sunken windows, a portcullis, and numerous turrets overlooking a boating lake turned ice skating rink in the winter. A popular spot for photos is the brooding, slightly creepy statue of Anonymus, a mysterious Hungarian notary and chronicler who lived around 1200 AD. Inside the castle is Museum of Hungarian Agriculture (small fee charged), but even if you’re not interested in the museum’s focus, it’s pleasant simply to walk through the castle’s interior and climb to the top of the two tallest towers for views of the park. Vajdahunyad Castle was only built at the turn of the 20th century, but its historical architecture and romantic setting make it feel far older. A short stroll around the castle or a picnic on its grounds beside the lake is an excellent way to take a break from a busy day of sightseeing. Heroes’ Square Another attraction near City Park, Heroes’ Square does not take long to visit, but it’s one of the city’s most important landmarks. Located at the end of Andrssy Avenue, Heroes’ Square is well-worth visiting to get a sense of Hungary’s history. Built in 1896 to celebrate Hungary’s 1000th anniversary, Heroes’ Square is the largest square in Budapest. The focal point of the square is tall column adorned with a statue of the archangel Gabriel. Flanking the base are seven statues representing the seven original Magyar chieftains. Surrounding the column are 14 pillars with statues of other important Hungarian figures. Viewing the square’s statues and plaques is a great crash-course on the history of the country. Among the statues you’ll see famed Hungarian saints, rulers, and warriors. A plaque in the square dedicates the site "To the memory of the heroes who gave their lives for the freedom of our people and our national independence." During Budapest’s long history, the city was occupied by foreign invaders several times and ruled by a communist regime. Heroes’ Square now serves as a physical monument to Hungary’s dedication to democracy. The square can be visited both during the day and at night, when it is lit up by floodlights. Parliament and Around If you're interested in more recent history, this is the area for you, with monuments to Hungary's tumultuous 20th century. Hungarian Parliament Building The Hungarian Parliament Building is the seat of the National Assembly of Hungary and one of the icons of Budapest. Its design was based on the UK Parliament Building, the Palace of Westminster, but the Parliament of Budapest is no mere copycat. This is one of the oldest and largest legislative buildings in Europe, and since the day it was completed in 1904, it has been the largest building in Hungary. Built along the bank of the Danube River, this soaring Gothic Revival building looks surprisingly delicate up close, with numerous intricate details. Visitors can opt to take a guided tour of the building to see sights including the House Chambers, the inside of the dome, the grand entrance staircase, the Hungarian crown jewels, and a small museum. Tickets, which are 5200 Florin for non-EU citizens, must be purchased beforehand, either online or in person. Make sure you view the Parliament Building both during the day and at night, when the entire structure is lit up, its reflection glowing in the river. Shoes on the Danube Bank Memorial There are World War II memorials far grander than this collection of 60 pairs of iron shoes scattered along the edge of the Danube, but that doesn’t make this site any less moving. The monument was conceived by director Can Togay and created by sculptor Gyula Pauer to honor the people murdered by soldiers of the Arrow Cross, a national socialist party in Hungary during WWII. Between 1944 and 1945, an unknown number of victims, mostly Budapest Jews, were taken to the edge of the Danube and shot, their bodies falling into the river. Before they were killed, they were told to remove their shoes, which could be resold for a profit. This small memorial, a few hundred feet from Parliament, poignantly pays tribute to the victims. The shoes were designed to accurately represent shoes from that period, and they were created in many different styles to represent the wide variety of victims: men, women, business people, teenagers, and children. The shoes are often adorned with ribbons or flowers left as tokens of remembrance by visitors. Walking along the memorial and viewing the empty shoes strewn forlornly along the Danube’s bank is a powerful reminder of the lives lost in WWII. Central Pest Attractions Central Pest is where many visitors choose to stay, because it offers easy access to all the Budapest sights. It's also home to some of the city's most exciting cultural attractions. Hungarian State Opera House Housed in an elegant neo-Renaissance building dating from 1884, the Hungarian State Opera House is a point of pride for many Hungarians, yet it’s much less well-known than many other European opera houses. For a small fee, you can take one of the regular tours of the opera house. After passing the figures of two of Hungary’s most renowned composers in the entrance, you’ll enter a foyer with marble columns and vaulted ceilings. Like all grand opera houses, this one has a sweeping staircase dominating the entrance, used by Hungarian’s past elite to see and be seen. Other opulent touches include a brass chandelier and vast murals decorating the walls and ceilings. The theater itself is decorated with red velvet and gold leaf. It seats over 2,600, with the royal box in the center of the horseshoe-shaped rows. Many people simply opt for a tour, but the Hungarian State Opera House is one of the best places to view an opera in Europe, particularly if you’ve never been to one before. The opera house often performs crowd pleasers like Carmen and Madama Butterfly, which are a great introduction for opera novices. Additionally, tickets here are significantly cheaper than at most other opera houses; you can often get a seat for less than $10 USD. At many other opera houses, tickets this price are typically for the standing area only, and standing shoulder to shoulder with other guests for several hours is enough to fatigue even opera aficionados. At the Hungarian Opera House, you’ll be able to enjoy the opera in comfort without breaking the bank. In addition to operas, the building also hosts ballets and other performances. The Hungarian State Opera House website has a calendar showing all upcoming events. Operas are subtitled in both Hungarian and English, and opera season lasts from September to July. Ruin Pubs Budapest can be heavy with history, so for a change of pace and to get a sense of how the city enjoys itself, head to one of Budapest’s many ruin pubs, drinking establishments that have sprung up in recently un-abandoned buildings. Rumor has it that ruin pubs first came into existence in 2001, out of a need for a cheap place to drink. No two ruin pubs are alike, but all of them share several characteristics: they’re housed in a formerly abandoned building, the furniture is eclectic and often pre-used, and they show their links to the community by hosting local bands or DJs or having local artists decorate the interior. Most of the ruin pubs are located in Budapest’s old Jewish Quarter, in the streets behind the Great Synagogue. In a ruin pub, you could find yourself in a cozy former home with couches for seating, taking to the dance floor in a large, rambling warehouse, tasting plinka (a traditional fruit brandy) under the glow of old-fashioned lanterns, enjoying beers in a courtyard filled with picnic tables, or learning Hungarian phrases at one of the regular informal classes the pubs host. One of the best aspects of ruin pubs is that you never know what type of experience you’re going to get until you walk inside. The best ruin pub to start at is the original, Szimpla Kert. Occupying a large, formerly abandoned building, Szimpla is filled with mismatched and often antique furniture and decorations. Outside there’s a spacious courtyard which includes an old Trabant car guests can lounge in. Ruin pubs attract a mostly young, international crowd, but you’ll find all types here. Local Hungarians often frequent them, as do older visitors. Ruin pubs may be most enjoyable to visit on a warm summer evening, but they’re open year-round, with outdoor spaces typically closed in the winter. Great Synagogue This massive building, also known as the Dohny Street Synagogue, is the largest synagogue in Europe and the second-largest in the world. It was completed in 1859 in the Neo-Moorish style, giving it a distinct look compared to many other synagogues. Inside the Great Synagogue is seating for more than 3,000 people, as well as the Jewish Museum, which has exhibits on Jewish traditions and the history of Judaism in Budapest. The building is rich with history. During World War II, the site was bombed by Nazi planes, and it later became one border of Budapest’s Jewish ghetto. In the grounds surrounding the synagogue is a graveyard where over 2,000 people who died in the Jewish ghetto during the winter of 1944-1945 are buried. There's also the Heroes’ Temple honoring Hungarian Jews who died during World War I and the Holocaust Memorial. The Holocaust Memorial, also known as the Emanuel Tree, is particularly striking to see. Crafted by Hungarian sculptor Imre Varga, the memorial takes the form of a delicate and intricate weeping willow. The name of a Hungarian Jew killed during the Holocaust has been engraved on each metal leaf. In my opinion, this is one of the world’s most beautiful and moving Holocaust memorials. If you don’t have time to tour the synagogue, you can get a view of the tree through the gate surrounding the grounds. You can take a self-guided tour around the synagogue, but a guided tour (available at the entrance) can help you navigate the large site and fully appreciate its historical importance. Entrance to the synagogue costs 3000 Florin and includes access to both the building and its grounds.

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